Public Relations and Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising and Promotion - Essay Example This has influenced, in an unfavorable way, the foreseen financial increases that would have been made in the zone. For as far back as 5 years, this influx of demolition has moved through the region of Mobley regardless of the open fights and showings her inhabitants has led. MADAAT has recorded effective activities in the course of the most recent three years with in excess of 2700 people restored and the pace of medication and substance misuse diminished by 30%. This will be an incredible occasion and a great deal of exercises will occur. Their will be Football and Volleyball competitions, banters on the most proficient method to check liquor and medication misuse, free guiding on liquor and substance misuse and preparing on the best way to direction and care for sedate addicts to enable them to restore. Mobley has lost exceptionally youthful and vigorous adolescents to sedate maltreatment; around 300 every year, as indicated by MADAAT Secretary General, Mr. Godwin Brooke. â€Å"We ask the Mobley’s immense society, regardless of whether influenced or something else, to attempt to want the composed occasion. We further support all the people that desire to take an interest in any of the exercises of the enormous day, to apply and present their applications on-line through our website,† MADAAT Organizing Secretary said on his discourse while tending to the understudies at Mobley College for Business Studies. â€Å"This occasion will add a great deal of power to the battle against medication and substance maltreatment in Mobley. We focus to accomplish a decrement in this debacle practice by 10-15% before the finish of this year,† He included. The Mobley Alcohol and Drug Abuse Awareness group was found and at first comprised of 28 individuals from The Ashleigh University Christian Union, Mobley. Today, it’s an efficient society of people over the Mobley County; people with normal interests and convictions to control this beast that takes steps to tear Mobley separated. The favored media target would be

Swot Analysis for Sony Ericsson Essay Example For Students

Swot Analysis for Sony Ericsson Essay SWOT Analysis for Sony Ericsson Strengths: Increased pieces of the pie Reduced misfortunes: Sony Ericsson has been fruitful in lessening its organization misfortunes in the previous year. The organization cut its complete misfortunes by the greater part in the second 50% of 2002. Sony Ericsson should hope to keep on reducing expenses so as to limit organization misfortunes much further. The achievement of the joint endeavor will be seen by its capacity to earn back the original investment and produce benefits. Brand name: Having a solid brand name implies that all things considered, Sony Ericsson will sell more handsets, as shoppers ordinarily decide to purchase marked items with which they are recognizable as opposed to those that are new. Sony Ericsson should hope to use both the Sony and Ericsson brand names, as they are both regarded brand names in the fields of gadgets and media communications. The joining of these two brand names will again assist the organization with increasing attention to its items bringing about expanded deals of handsets. New items: Sony Ericsson has discharged a line of new items that it is estimated will assist the organization with increasing a lot of the market, just as produce additional deals and benefits. Shortcomings: Loss making: The Sony Ericsson joint endeavor is as of now misfortune making. Sony Ericsson must attempt to produce benefits as quickly as time permits or the endeavor might be esteemed fruitless. Organization misfortunes may in any case be endured throughout the following couple of years, as the Sony Ericsson adventure has just been exchanging for a moderately brief timeframe. Be that as it may, supported misfortunes over some stretch of time may prompt either Sony or Ericsson choosing to stop their subsidizing of the joint endeavor. Showcasing Costs: The dispatch of the company’s line of new cell handsets will imply that promoting costs will increment for the months when the items are propelled and for the underlying time of the products’ life cycle. High showcasing costs are a need in this circumstance so as to make mindfulness and invigorate interest for Sony Ericsson’s handsets in a commercial center that is immersed with serious contributions. High showcasing costs will make it progressively hard for Sony Ericsson to limit misfortunes, breakeven and produce benefits. Openings: Social Media: Sony Ericsson is boosting its web-based social networking action in an offer to build a lot of the advanced cell advertise, which is feeling the squeeze from brands like Apple and Google. Redesign Segment Expanding Market G: The anticipated change to 3G remote correspondence administrations furnishes Sony Ericsson with a chance to catch piece of the pie and create incomes and benefits. Sony Ericsson must provide food for the expansion sought after around there by delivering various handsets that will use this 3G innovation. The organization is putting forth an attempt to infiltrate this segment of the market and has had some accompl ishment in doing as such. In any case, Sony Ericsson still path industry adversaries, for example, Motorola, NEC and Panasonic inside the 3G area of the market. Telephone Design and Accessories: Sony Ericsson must screen the most recent patterns in client inclinations for the structure of handsets and the embellishments given to use related to handsets. For instance, camera telephones are required to increment in prevalence over the coming years. The expansion in notoriety of camera telephones presents Sony Ericsson with a chance to build its incomes and produce benefits, as camera telephones have an a lot higher normal selling cost than typical voice telephones. Famous Handset Technology Threats: Strong Competition: Sony Ericsson faces solid rivalry in the commercial center from various industry rivals. The company’s contenders incorporate Nokia, Samsung, Panasonic, LG Electronics, Motorola, Siemens and NEC. Sony Ericsson will likewise experience expanding rivalry from best in class Chinese cell handset makers, for example, TCL, Bird, Eastcomm and Legend. These organizations will consolidate to remove deals and piece of the overall industry from Sony Ericsson. .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b , .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b .postImageUrl , .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b , .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b:hover , .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b:visited , .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b:active { border:0!important; } .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b:active , .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2 bd8e99b .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub9211d8100f3f4594ae8ed4b2bd8e99b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Detection Of Biological Molecules EssayPricing Pressure: The expanding rivalry in the phone handset market will definitely prompt valuing pressure. Valuing weight will prompt a crushing of Sony Ericsson’s edges. This will imply that the organization should look to reduce its expenses on the off chance that it is compelled to lessen the cost of its items. Inability to do so could imply that the organization will keep on causing misfortunes or just to create unobtrusive benefits, when the potential is there for the organization to accomplish considerably more.

Lord Of The Rings Picked Apart Essays - English-language Films

Ruler of the Rings: Picked Apart Free Swiss Anti-Wrinkle Cream. You Won't Believe Your Eyes! [an mistake happened while preparing this directive] Ruler of the Rings: Picked Apart Envision yourself in a pre-modern world brimming with puzzle and enchantment. Envision a world brimming with beasts, evil presences, and threat, just as a world brimming with companions, pixies, great wizards, and experience. In doing so you have quite recently ventured out a huge world made by creator and researcher John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. Tolkien got interested by language at an early age during his tutoring, in especially, the dialects of Northern Europe, both old and current. This partiality for language didn't just prompt his calling, yet additionally his private interest, the creation of dialects. His wide information in the long run prompted the advancement of his feelings about Myth and the significance of stories. All these different viewpoints: language, the courageous convention, what's more, Myth, just as profoundly held convictions in Catholic Christianity work together in the entirety of his works. The principle components of Tolkien's works are Great versus Evil, characters of Christian and hostile to Christian inception, and the intensity of creative mind. In Tolkien world, abhorrent is the absolute opposite of imagination, and is reliant on decimation and ruin for its premise. Alternately, goodness is related with the magnificence of creation also as the conservation of anything that is made. The emblematic idea of these two belief systems is spoken to in the Elven Rings, which represent goodness, and the One Ring, which is completely detestable. A fundamental subject of The Hobbit, at that point, is the battle inside our own through and through freedom between positive attitude what's more, abhorrent. Right on time in the (Lord of the Rings) account, Frodo reviews that his uncle Bilbo, particularly during his later years, was enamored with announcing that... there was just a single Road; that it resembled an extraordinary stream: its springs were at each doorstep, and each way was it tributary. (Wood, 208) Bilbo, the primary character of The Hobbit, frequently showed his integrity all through Tolkien's tale. One case of this decency is the point at which he chooses to let the underhanded and degenerate Gollum live, out of pity for him, out of the loop buckles under the mountain. Bilbo could have handily killed the repulsive animal for the most part due to the ring, which he was wearing around then, gave him the intensity of imperceptibility. he took a chance with his life to let the Gollum live by rapidly hopping past the wickedness animal, in this manner getting away from death of either character. Gandalf, in a later story, addresses Frodo by lauding Bilbo's demonstration of pity upon Gollum. Gandalf's words were, Pity? It was feel sorry for that remained his hand. Pity, and Kindness; not to strike without need. Also, he has been all around remunerated Frodo. For Gollum, later in the novel, spared Frodo from getting controlled by the Ring of intensity. Numerous that live merits demise. Also, some incredible life. Would you be able to offer it to them? At that point don't be too anxious to even think about dealing out death in judgement... (Wood, 208) Another type of goodness that is shown all through The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings is Bilbo and Frodo's activities of generosity. In The Hobbit there are two cases in which lowlifess got the dwarves, Bilbo's kindred explorers. Rather than escaping their foes, Bilbo took a chance with his life to spare the dwarves from the grasp of wickedness. One occurrence of this is the point at which a tribe of uncommonly enormous bugs caught Bilbo's friends and wanted to eat them. Bilbo then concocted an arrangement to occupy the insects from their casualties and afterward quietly backtracked to his colleagues. He at that point cut the dwarves from the clingy bug catching networks with which they were tied and, together, they battled their approach to security. Additionally, Frodo, in The Lord of the Rings was tested with the decimation of the all-malevolent and adulterating One Ring of intensity. In doing along these lines, Frodo yielded his life. We ought to likewise recollect that Frodo's selflessness isn't just for the destruction of abhorrence; it is likewise to benefit society, for the entire network of made creatures. This proposes, thusly, that in the psyche of the fantasist, society merits sparing. (Evans, 481) Instead of the great deeds and ethics depicted by Bilbo and his colleagues, there are many foul and unholy animals that hide in the pages of Tolkien's works, which submit shocking acts. One of the most terrible of the demonstrations in The Hobbit was the debasement of Gollum. Gollum was not generally the vile, cavern abiding, risky beast that he became. He was before a Hobbit, much the same as

BATTLE OF THE ALAMO Free Essays

ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE. The attack and the last ambush on the Alamo in 1836 comprise the most commended military commitment in Texas history. The fight was prominent for the huge number of renowned characters among its soldiers. We will compose a custom exposition test on Clash OF THE ALAMO or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now These included Tennessee congressman David Crockett, business person explorer James Bowie, and Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Despite the fact that not broadly celebrated at that point, William Barret Travis accomplished enduring qualification as authority at the Alamo. For some Americans and most Texans, the fight has become an image of devoted penance. Customary mainstream delineations, including books, stage plays, and films, underscore unbelievable viewpoints that frequently dark the authentic occasion. To comprehend the genuine fight, one must value its key setting in the Texas Revolution. In December 1835 a Federalist armed force of Texan (or Texian, as they were called) migrants, American volunteers, and their Tejano partners had caught the town from a Centralist power during the attack of Bexar. With that triumph, a greater part of the Texan volunteers of the â€Å"Army of the People† left help and came back to their families. By the by, numerous authorities of the temporary government dreaded the Centralists would mount a spring hostile. Two primary streets drove into Texas from the Mexican inside. The first was the Atascosito Road, which extended from Matamoros on the Rio Grande northward through San Patricio, Goliad, Victoria, lastly into the core of Austin’s state. The second was the Old San Antonio Road, a camino genuine that crossed the Rio Grande at Paso de Francia (the San Antonio Crossing) and twisted northeastward through San Antonio de Bexar, Bastrop, Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and over the Sabine River into Louisiana. Two posts hindered these methodologies into Texas: Presidio La Bahia (Nuestra Senora de Loreto Presidio) at Goliad and the Alamo at San Antonio. Every establishment worked as a boondocks picket watch, prepared to alarm the Texas settlements of a foe advance. James Clinton Neill got order of the Bexar battalion. Approximately ninety miles toward the southeast, James Walker Fannin, Jr. , thusly took order at Goliad. Most Texan pioneers had come back to the solaces of home and hearth. Therefore, recently showed up American volunteers-some of whom included their time in Texas continuously comprised a greater part of the soldiers at Goliad and Bexar. Both Neill and Fannin resolved to slow down the Centralists on the outskirts. In any case, they toiled under no daydreams. Without expedient fortifications, neither the Alamo nor Presidio La Bahia could long withstand an attack. At Bexar were some twenty-one cannons bits of different gauge. In light of his mounted guns understanding and his customary armed force commission, Neill was a coherent decision to order. All through January he gave a valiant effort to sustain the mission fortress on the edges of town. Maj. Green B. Jameson, boss designer at the Alamo, introduced the vast majority of the guns on the dividers. Jameson bragged to Gen. Sam Houston that if the Centralists raged the Alamo, the protectors could â€Å"whip 10 to 1 with our mounted guns. † Such expectations demonstrated exorbitantly hopeful. A long way from the greater part of Texas settlements, the Bexar army experienced an absence of even essential provender. On January 14 Neill composed Houston that his kin were in a â€Å"torpid, unprotected condition. † That day he dispatched an inauspicious message to the temporary government: â€Å"Unless we are strengthened and victualled, we should turn into a simple prey to the foe, if there should arise an occurrence of an assault. â€Å" The most effective method to refer to BATTLE OF THE ALAMO, Papers

The Coca-Cola Company Marketing R Free Essays

The Coca-Cola Company| | An Analysis of The Coca-Cola Company| 6/13/2010| | Table of Contents Title Page1 Table of Contents2 Introduction3 5C’s Analysis4-10 4P’s Analysis11-14 SWOT Analysis Final Remarks15-17 Introduction In May 1886, John Pemberton, who was a drug specialist from Atlanta, Georgia was the principal organizer of coca cola. He created the coca cola equation in kinfolk three legged metal pot which the recommendation was given by clerk Frank Robinson. Coke was clench hand sold at the drug store as a non alcoholic variant of French wine coca. We will compose a custom paper test on The Coca-Cola Company Marketing R or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Be that as it may, the deals were misfortune due to over extension and medical issues, for example, infection, morphine, addictive, and migraine. Since â€Å"Coca-cola† had a place with Charley, it was named coca-cola. A short time later, Asa Candler, the Atlanta drug specialist/representative purchased the equation from John. His advertising abilities were an immense accomplishment to the organization during the 50th commemoration. His best aptitudes were his advancement thoughts. He parted with coupons for complimentary first takes of coca-cola, gave schedule, urns and tickers to drug specialist. These advancements expanded the deals by over 4000% during 1890-1900. Additionally, he gave minor changes in the fixing and sold it in bottle, which was first sold in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Since the organization was unsettled about the multiplication of copycat drinks and to shield the brand, they promoted that engaged the credibility of coca-cola. Later in 1923, Robert Woodruff brought the organization from Asa Candler. He was an advertising virtuoso since he watched potential abroad chances. He would benefit from these open doors by presenting Coke items in the 1928 Olympic Games. Woodruff made development by making dissemination of 6 packs, open top cooler that was simpler for individuals to drink at home or away, which was an enormous achievement. Coca-Cola would repeat its commitment towards the globalizing Coca-cola by starting a progression of ads connecting Coca-Cola to the world. A particular ad that helped Coca-Cola sparkle its global intrigue happened in 1970 where Coca-Cola caused youngsters from everywhere throughout the world to sing a melody called â€Å"I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke†. Coca-Cola persistently succeeded even in the midst of fights of Coca-Cola’s changing of its recipe. After fights, Coke Company came back to its old equation. This recovered its piece of the overall industry over rivalry and prompted the Coca-Cola Company’s presentation of an eating routine coke item that utilized Splenda sugar, which was its trademark. In the 21st century, in 2007 it concocted diet coke that contained nutrient B6, B12, magnesium, niacin, and zinc. Diet coke in addition to was made to be considered as a more advantageous pop. Coca-cola quit printing the word â€Å"Classic† on the marks of 16 oz bottles. Coca-cola is focused on nearby markets and has packaging accomplices. As of now it is universal brand, each and every time, it is known as â€Å"the generally energizing and fulfilling drink. † This report will dissect why and how The Coca-Cola Company had the option to accomplish its title as the main soda pop organization on the planet. Starting with an investigation of the 5C’s in regards to the organization, trailed by a 4P’s examination, and consummation with a SWOT investigation, will feature what variables drove towards Coca-Cola’s strength in the soda advertise. 5 C’s Analysis Having been in the soda pop industry for more than 100 years says a great deal regarding their involvement with the soda business. Coca-Cola’s since quite a while ago tried achievement has prompted their capacity to continue a high piece of the pie in the non-mixed beverage advertise with their main thrust item in Coca-Cola yet in addition in its different items too. As indicated by their site, Coca-Cola serves up to 1. 6Billion servings daily of their items, which offers the conversation starter on how they can stay aware of such a popularity? An answer lies in their organization statement of purpose, which is to: * To revive the world†¦ To motivate snapshots of positive thinking and happiness†¦ * To make worth and have any kind of effect. (Source: http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com) It is this making Coca-Cola a â€Å"part of one’s lifestyle† mindset that has permitted Coca-Cola to grow its image picture from a national level to a worldwide level, w hich has energized their commitment to stay aware of these staggering interest figures since the time the time of the commencement of the Coca-Cola organization. Their worldwide picture has arrived at where worldwide deals have triumphed over the once prevailing national U. S. advertise. For instance, Coca-Cola’s 2008 income levels showed that 75% of its incomes originated from worldwide deals, though just 25% originated from North America. This factual figure shows that the Coca-Cola is in fact a worldwide brand. Truth be told, as indicated by a recent report done by Businessweek and Interbrand, Coca-Cola was evaluated the world’s number one brand: (http://www. interbrand. com/pictures/examines/BGB06Report_072706. pdf) Coca Cola’s capacity to perceive the worldwide market measure and really benefit from it speaks to a colossal piece of why Coca-Cola has accomplished this kind of acknowledgment. In spite of the fact that Coca-cola speaks to the greatest organization on the planet, it shockingly doesn’t bottle and disperses its own items. Rather, establishments of various packaging teaming up organizations speak to the main part of the packaging and appropriation of Coca-Cola’s items. Coca-Cola maintains a high measure of pieces of the pie in the majority of these packaging organizations, guaranteeing that overwhelming interest objectives can be met for the Company. Coca-Cola’s greatest associates speak to Coca-Cola Enterprises, Coca-Cola Femsa, and Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Co. The Coca-Cola Company claims 31. 6%, 32%, and 23% individually of every one of these packaging organizations. Coca-Cola Enterprises speaks to the greatest franchisee packaging and appropriating organization. It bottles and disseminates for 80% of U. S deals and bottles and disperses for 18% of overall deals. Here is a graph that clarifies the coordinations behind Coca-Cola Enterprises’ tasks: Coca-Cola Femsa is intensely engaged in Central and South-America, and the Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Co is vigorously engaged inside districts spreading over from Africa, Europe, and Asia. It is this cooperation strategy that has permitted Coca-Cola to concentrate more on the turn of events and keeping up of its items and brands. The quantity of offers that the Coca-Cola puts resources into the greater part of these packaging organizations guarantees the collusion will be solid between the two, since they do speak to the principle main impetus behind the packaging and conveyance of Coca-Cola’s items. There is late theory however that Coca-Cola may undoubtedly completely gain its greatest teammate in Coca-Cola Enterprises in wake of Pepsi’s Co. ’s acquisitions of a portion of their packaging teammates. Another arrangement of associates are spoken to in its associations with different organizations. As a noticeable brand picture, numerous organizations have worked with Coca-Cola to help further promote their own organization. These organizations can be legitimately identified with Coca-Cola in that Coca-Cola may speak to a commendation with their item. These ventures incorporate eateries of numerous types, cinemas, helpful stores, general stores and so forth. Coca-Cola has normally collaborated with all these sort of scenes to guarantee that its image gets spread all through a wide range of settings. This typically brings about advancements connected uniquely with Coca-Cola items, the selling of just coca-cola items, or extraordinary advancements that incorporate getting Coca-Cola item if a specific result of the company’s is bought. An eminent relationship in such manner was the arrangement among McDonald’s and Coca-Cola. In 2009, Coca-Cola and McDonalds proceeded with its more than multi year relationship with one another by revamping an arrangement where McDonalds would highlight Coke, yet a large number of Coca-Cola’s fresher brands too. This incorporates Coke-Zero, PowerAde, Fanta, and now even Vitamin Water. Their great connection with one another helps benefits the two organizations in that individuals will interface the nature of the two brands with one another. It is these immediate organizations that speak to the majority of Coca-Cola’s deals, since a large portion of Coca-Cola’s items are disseminated at these settings. It is up to Coca-Cola to keep up great relations and a solid brand picture all together for these immediate organizations to team up with Coca-Cola. Likewise there are in a roundabout way related organization teammates with Coca-Cola. For instance, in 2006 Coca-Cola propelled MyCokeRewards. This limited time venture permitted clients to procure focuses for the buying of any of Coca-Cola’s items. These focuses could then be recovered for different prizes, towards a challenge, or towards the entering of a sweepstakes. Joined forces connections remembered for this prizes program included: Holiday Inn, Nike, Block Buster, Delta, and Six Flags. Another prominent aberrant colleague with Coca-Cola is Apple. In 2006, Apple and Coca-Cola consented to a coordinated effort where a Coca-Cola themed music site was made to advance groups all over Europe with the reconciliation of Apple’s ITunes framework. These instances of roundabout organization associates show that however they don’t disseminate Coca-Cola’s items, these aberrant colleagues help advance their own item alongside results of Coca-Cola. Starting with a littler type of rivalry, neighborhood drink brands speak to the main part of these contenders. Their solitary quality is their predominance in their nearby area yet they have a colossal rundown of shortcomings when contrasted with the Coca Cola Company. These shortcomings incorporate modest quantity of advantages, absence of item expansion

Share the joy

Share the joy The selection process continues here, and theres not much I can update you on at this point. We work towards solidifying our early action admits and mailing the early action decisions as soon as we can. Ill keep you updated when theres more to be said. Maybe about this time youre thinking, Man, these applications are fun! I wish my friends who are juniors could share in the joy! Well, now you can share the excitement! [Ive been told that sarcasm isnt funny this time of the year. Im sorry about that.] I hope youll find those really cool juniors (members of the high school Class of 2006) that you know and encourage them to expand their mind with a fun academic summer program. Many of the best summer programs deadlines are less than two months away, and often require more than just filling out an application the night before the deadline. Which programs might you want to encourage these juniors to consider? First, the three summer programs which are hosted at MIT: The Womens Technology Program (WTP), which the website describes as The four-week program includes classes in computer science, electrical engineering, and mathematics taught by women PhD candidates in the MIT EECS [Electrical Engineering Computer Science] Department, and allows girls to explore through hands-on experiments and team-based projects. Minority Introduction to Engineering, Entrepreneurship, and Science (MITE2S), which the website describes as a rigorous six-week residential, academic enrichment summer program for promising high school juniors who are interested in studying and exploring careers in science, engineering, and entrepreneurship. The Research Science Institute (RSI) sponsored by the Center for Excellence in Education, MIT, and Caltech which the website describes as a rigorous academic program which emphasizes advanced theory and research in mathematics, the sciences, and engineering. Also, there are lots of other great, focused programs out there. There are science/engineering programs like SSP, SHARP, COSMOS, Simons / Garcia, Welch, HSHSP, [emailprotected], Clark, Andrews Leap, CURIE, and Operation Catapult. Math programs include Ross, Mathcamp, PROMYS, HSMC, SUMaC, HCSSiM, and YSP. This by no means is a comprehensive list, but are a few that Im familiar with and can think of as Im sitting here writing this entry. Summers are a great time to focus your energies on what is really important or enjoyable to you without the time constraints of school and homework. Most summers of high school, I worked to earn money to pay for my expenses and spent time with family and friends. The summer before I applied to college, though, I did a residential program, which was the first time I had ever lived away from home or immersed myself in a truly diverse environment. It was a truly life-changing experience. It is a myth that you must do a summer program to get into college. There are lots of productive ways to utilize this gift of uninterupted free time, but we hope youll do more than just sit around playing Xbox and watching old Simpsons episodes. Working is a great option (this is what most everyone I knew did), and I hope youll spend quality time with the important people in your life. Mostly, we just hope that you see your time as a precious gift, and use it to its fullest extent. I know many people who read this blog have participated in summer programs, including the ones listed above. Why would (or wouldnt) you recommend that program to a high school junior? What was great (or not so great) about it? Go out and talk to that junior today!

American Escapism in James Thurber’s “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” and Ralph Ellison’s “King of the Bingo Game” - Literature Essay Samples

The American identity in James Thurber’s â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† and Ralph Ellison’s â€Å"King of the Bingo Game† is depicted by the respective protagonists’ visions of individualism in contrast to the concept of fate. In both texts, Thurber and Ellison present the protagonists in undesirable positions within society of which they seek to alter. Walter Mitty challenges his unambitious role as an oppressed husband by indulging in fantasies in which he assumes a heroic identity. Similarly, Ellison’s unnamed African-American protagonist attempts to defy his impoverished fate by manipulating his odds at a bingo game. Both Thurber and Ellison emphasize individualism through their protagonists’ desire to transcend their unfavorable roles. While Mitty strives for social recognition, Ellison’s protagonist seeks wealth and power. Unfortunately, amidst reality and a lack of true control, both characters fail to achieve their goals of obtaining greater social value and status. Thus, the American identity is adversely characterized by the protagonists’ lack of autonomy, escapist tendencies, and disillusionment of the American dream. In this way, Ellison and Thurber suggest and critique Americans’ imagined sense of individualism. Both Thurber and Ellison portray the American identity as having a lack of autonomy. In â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,† Mitty’s lack of autonomy is demonstrated by his obligation to drive his wife around town as she runs several personal errands. Mitty’s unremarkable and detached personality is further revealed through his subservient attitude towards his wife despite her infantilizing treatment of him: â€Å"He looked at his wife, in the seat beside him, with shocked astonishment. She seemed grossly unfamiliar, like a strange woman who had yelled at him in a crowd.† Here, Mitty snaps out of one of his daydreams as his wife scolds him for not paying attention while driving. As Mitty regards his wife as an â€Å"unfamiliar† and â€Å"strange woman,† the tension between them becomes apparent. The fact that Mitty was â€Å"yelled† at by a woman further suggests his unorthodox inferiority to his wife. In â€Å"Thurbers Walter Mitty — The Underground American Hero,† Carl M. Lindner evaluates Mitty’s wife’s infantilizing treatment of Mitty: â€Å"The husband is often reduced to the status of a naughty child (as demonstrated by a pre-pubertal mentality); and he attempts to escape rather than confront a world symbolized by a wife who, more often than not, seems to be a mother-figure rather than a partner† (283). For instance, in a glimmering moment in which Mitty subtly stands up for himself, he tells his wife: â€Å"‘I was thinking,’ said Walter Mitty. ‘Does it ever occur to you that I am sometimes thinking?’† Here, Mitty finally shows a slight sense of defiance towards his wife. However, she merely disregards his plea and continues to subjugate him: â€Å"She looked at him. ‘I’m going to take your temperature when I get you home,’ she said.† Despite his efforts to express his individuality , Mrs. Mitty continues to treat Walter as a child. The fact that she will be taking his â€Å"temperature† suggests that Mitty needs to be taken care of or nursed and that Mrs. Mitty is the caregiver, and potentially, the provider, in their relationship. In â€Å"King of the Bingo Game,† the protagonist’s lack of autonomy is expressed by Ellison’s demonstration of the protagonist’s feelings of alienation. The main character is black, dislocated from the South, anonymous, â€Å"broke,† hungry, unemployed, burdened by the personal responsibility of his partner’s illness, as well as, nightmarish dreams. His feelings of alienation reside in the stark lack of hospitality he encounters at the movie theater: ‘If this was down South,’ he thought, ‘all Id have to do is lean over and say, Lady, gimme a few of those peanuts, please maam, and shed pass me the bag and never think nothing of it.’†¦ But up here it was different, Ask somebody for something, and theyd think you were crazy† (469). The protagonist’s missing sense of belonging in his new town overrides his typically open personality, and thus, his lack of autonomy causes him to internalize his feelings . The protagonist enters a bingo game in order to win some money to afford a doctor for his sick partner, Laura. Despite his sly attempts to manipulate his chances at the game by cheating and playing with five cards in lieu of the allowed one-card rule, the protagonist comes to the realization that the game, and even life itself, is â€Å"fixed† as he is eventually scolded by the white host and reprimanded by the police. The protagonist wins the bingo game and has a chance to spin the wheel of fortune for the jackpot. Confused by anxiety and by a drink of whiskey on an empty stomach, he is surprised and frightened to be on stage. When he continues to push the button that controls the wheel and refuses to give it up, the remote control is simply seized from him by two white men in uniform and something lands hard against his head (477). Although the wheel then stops at the double-zero, the last paragraph of the story suggests that he has won nothing: the money will surely not be paid, he is probably headed for jail, and Laura may die without medical attention. The ending scene embodies the protagonist’s fear and epiphany of the reality of fate and his nonexistent sense of individualism. Further, Thurber and Ellison’s protagonists resort to escapism as coping mechanisms for their routine and wearisome lives. Escapism, an attempt to relieve pressure by seeking pleasure, comes in various forms, including but not limited to, retreating into fantasy or indulging in games and gambling. Before delving into Thurber and Ellison’s characters’ mindsets, it is imperative to note the historical context and exposition of both narratives. Both narratives were written and set during or around the American historical era of the Great Depression. Analyst Rosa Smith observes the effect of the Great Depression in â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty.† During this period of the 1930s, American men endured a â€Å"widespread sense of impotence and failure as economic forces beyond their control left them unemployed and unable to provide for their families† (Smith). Both Mitty and the unnamed protagonist of â€Å"King of the Bingo Game† can be presumed unemployed. With Mitty, for instance, his unemployment is implied through his obligatory duty of escorting his wife on her shopping trip. On this trip to town, his wife does the lavish and extravagant spending, such as buying new shoes and getting her hair done, which implies that she may be the dominant, income-earning figure in the relationship. In addition to his implied unemployment, Mitty’s incompetence as a male is evident with his inability to perform typically â€Å"masculine† functions: â€Å"Once he had tried to take his chains off, outside New Milford, and he had got them wound around the axles. A man had had to come out in a wrecking car and unwind them, a young, grinning garageman.† Here, Thurber emphasizes the fact that a â€Å"man† had to come out and help Mitty in performing such a manly task. Further, the fact that this man was a â€Å"young, grinning garageman† exemplifies how menial the job is that even a younger man was capable of. This lack of skill set in Mitty further illustrates his ineptitude and thus, verifies his inferiority to his dominant wife. Such incompetence, especially in response to the Great Depression, precipitates Mitty’s resort to escapism. In â€Å"King of the Bingo Game,† the protagonist’s unemployment is more explicitly conveyed: â€Å"Im just broke, cause I got no birth certificate to get a job, and Laura bout to die cause we got no money for a doctor† (469). Here, Ellison suggests the protagonist’s incompetence through his inability to provide for his dying partner, Laura. His incompetence is further displayed by his hungered state: â€Å"His stomach gave a low, gnawing growl† (469). Ellison’s portrayal of the protagonist as a poor and desperate man reinforces the tendency of Americans to withdraw from reality and seek unrealistic pleasures through escapism. According to the study, â€Å"Escapism and Leisure Time 1929-1941,† social science researchers hypothesized that unemployment leads to emotional instability. These studies seemed to indicate that the longer a person was unemployed, the more likely his or her personality would become fatalistic and distressed. In an attempt to escape from this psychological state, it was speculated that people were turning to popular forms of entertainment such as the movies, radio, or reading. This desire for aesthetic stimulation resonates with Mitty in that he retreats into fantasies that maintain creative storylines. In â€Å"King of the Bingo Game,† the protagonist resorts to gambling as a form of entertainment. Such forms of entertainment in both narratives serve as suppressants that muffle the nature of the characters’ realities. The study further explains that, â€Å"Such speculation is not unreasonable given studies that show children will play even during the worst of times. The fact that very few popular culture forms dealt with the realities of the Great Depression in any explicit way further supports popular culture as a vehicle of escape.† Therefore, both Thurber and Ellison subject their characters to submission to the pressures and standards of popular culture. In â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,† illusions of grandeur within daydreams temporarily remove Mitty from his otherwise humdrum existence. Mitty’s daydreams occur while he goes about his day monotonously catering to his wife’s agenda. Throughout the story, Mitty’s daydreams depict him in situations where he is the ultimate â€Å"hero,† or significant individual in which high-stakes situations rely on his performance. In these dreams, whether he takes on the role of a sea captain, venerated surgeon, fighter pilot, or a martyr, it is evident that each scenario addresses desirable traits of masculinity that Mitty envies: â€Å"‘With any known make of gun,’ he said evenly, ‘I could have killed Gregory Fitzhurst at three hundred feet with my left hand.’ Pandemonium broke loose in the courtroom. A woman’s scream rose above the bedlam and suddenly a lovely, dark-haired girl was in Walter Mitty’s arms.† I n this daydream, Mitty assumes the preferred male traits of masculine aggression and desirability, both of which he does not hold in his real life. Through his mundane existence, his escape to the imaginary scenarios highlight the personal longing for achievement and accolade as a result of fulfilling standards of hegemonic masculinity. In addition, Ellison and Thurber also portray their protagonists as disillusioned by the American Dream. The American Dream, in regards to a person’s equal opportunity to achieve their individual goals, is at first, a guiding principle for both protagonists. Conversely, the reality of the social settings and pressures that surround the characters counter this optimistic belief. While Mitty strives to achieve his greater social value, he is only able to do so in a fictional dream-setting and is often abruptly interrupted by his demeaning wife. While the man in the â€Å"Bingo Game† defies the rules of the contest in order to cheat the system and achieve greater wealth and status, he is suspended by his distorted sense of power that he temporarily obtains while holding the wheel’s remote control. Both characters exercise a limited sense of power and control over their individual lives, and thus, negate the equality of opportunity of the American Dream. Both Thurber and Ellison generate the American identity in response to the social context of their time. Surrounded with questions of gender roles in the midst of the Great Depression, as well as, ideas of individualism evoked by the American Dream, Thurber and Ellison challenge the valorization of the American identity and reveal its illusory nature through their protagonists’ retreat to escapism and ultimate lack of control.

The Factors Determinant Tax Revenue In Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5434 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Malaysia is a federation of 13 States and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan. The Federal Constitution contains special provisions regarding sources of revenue that are assigned to the Federal and the State governments. Those that are assigned to the State governments include revenue fom land, forest, mining, entertainment, water supply, bank interests, returns from investments, fines including forfeitures (other than imposed by Federal Courts) and fees for licences and permits (but not licences relating to motor vehicles and registration of businesses). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Factors Determinant Tax Revenue In Malaysia" essay for you Create order All other revenues, not specifically assigned to the states, are Federal Government revenues. Taxation become crucial economic tools to govern economics for any country, especially to developing countries like Malaysia. With the rapid trend toward globalization and internationalization, the pattern of tax revenues and economic growth accross countries has become a significant concern to economists. Recently, Malaysia has also performed well and shows the similar growth pattern in economy. Therefore, fund collected from taxation used by the government to provide facilities for its population and for the development of the nation. Other than that income tax is one of the surest way to make sure the Government fund is available for spending. Inland Revenue Board (IRB) has play their main role as an agent of Malaysian Government and to provide services in administering, assessing, collecting, and enforcing payment of income tax and other revenue as may be agreed between Government andd the Board. For many years, the Inland Revenue Board (IRB) has presumed that its activities promote better tax collection starting from Official Assessment System (OAS) until Self Assessment System (SAS). Malaysia Federal Government revenues are broadly classified as tax revenues, non-tax revenues and non-revenue receipts. Tax revenues include both Direct and Indirect Taxes. Direct taxes are collected by the Inland Revenue Board (IRB) and includes taxes such as income tax on individuals and corporations, petroleum income tax, stamp duty and real property gains tax. While for indirect taxes the responsibility of collection is taken by the Royal Customs and Excise Department. Indirect taxes include import duties, export duties, excise duties, sales tax, service tax and last but not least; goods and services tax (GST) that replace sales tax and service tax. Non-tax revenues of Malaysian Government consists of fees for issue of licences and permits, fees for specific services, proceeds from sale of government assets, rental of government property, bank interests, returns from Government investments (including gains from sales of investments) fines and forfeitures. The non-revenue receipts consist mainly of repayments and reimbursements such as refunds of overpayments in previous years and repayment of loans from the Federal Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Consolidated Fund (Revenue Account) received from other Federal Government Agencies and State Governments. The trend of tax collection in Malaysia is inconsistent, changing upward and downward depending upon economic conditions. However, over a 30 period, most years show an increasing incremental in total collection. The exceptions are when there is an abnormal economic condition such as financial crisis, war or increase in world oil prices. During the early stages of its development which is in year 1960, Malaysia similar with most developing countries relied heavily on indirect taxes accounted for 76.7% (Kasipillai, 2006). However as the economy developed and with the tax reform less reliance was placed on indirect tax which starting from year 1999 the major contribution to government revenue is come from direct tax (69%). In 2008 the collection of direct tax represents 52% of the Government total revenue (Economic Planning Unit, Ministry of Finance and Bank Negara Malaysia). It is believed that the encouraging growth in Gross Gomestic Product (GDP) in 2009 stood at 23% contribute positively to the national revenue collection (9MP). After brief introduction the remainder of this paper is structured as follow. Chapter 2 provide some sort of literature review regarding all the variables included in this research. Chapter 3 consist of research methodology and design, data collection, theoretical framework, hypothesis statement, and data analysis. Chapter 4 provides data description and result analysis and finally in section 5 gives conclusion and summary of the study. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Tax is the main sources of income for government. Tax is defined as a fee charged (levied) by a government on a product, income, or activity. If tax is levied directly on personal or corporate income, then it is direct tax. If tax is levied on the price of a good or services, then it is called an indirect tax. Malaysia is a very tax friendly country compared than the others. Income tax comparaly low and many taxes which are raised in other countries, do not exist in Malaysia. All earnings of companies and individuals acccumulated in, derived from or remitted to Malaysia are liable to tax. Government will used this tax revenues to fund all spending made by government in order to achieve an economic growth and also to promote a sound of economy. Government will present their budget in Parliament around September each year. Determination of budget is based on estimation of government revenue and spending. An increase in government revenue will increase the allocation for government spending. The tax rate is one of the components in government budget. The government will decide whether to increase or decrease the tax rate or to remain unchage based on the goals of government in each budget every year. Definition Of Terms Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. It is also define as an economic measurement that monitors the overall income and output of a country. It is a way to interpret the overall prosperity of the economy. It is culculated on an annual basis with quarterly updates. The data produced by GDP is interpreted in number of ways. Some use it to measure the productivity of the country, in that it shows how much product was produced and sold. Others use it to measure the general health of the economy and the standard of living of those living in it. Inflation Rate Inflation rate is a measure of inflation, the rate of increase of a price index. It is the percentage rate of change in price level of time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. The used of inflation rate is to culculate the real interest rate, as well as real increases in wages. When interest rate are high, fewer people and businesses can afford to borrow and it will usually slows the economy down. Unemployment The definition of unemployment is an economic condition marked by the fact that individuals actively seeking jobs remain unhired. Unemployment is an important measure of the economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strength. A high unemployment rate generally indicates an economy in recession with few job opportunities, while a low unemployment rate points to an economy running at or near full throttle. Openness The meaning of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“opennessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? has become similar to the notion of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“free-tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, that is a trade system where all trade distortions are eliminated. Openness also means the extent to which an economy is open to trade, and sometimes also to inflows and outflows of international investment. The openness here means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?trade opennessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? that consist of imports and exports from a large percentage of GDP. PROBLEM STATEMENT Malaysia is facing budget deficit every year since government expenditure exceed government revenue. If the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s budget are not sufficient, some of the macroeconomic factors canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be achieved. Government cannot reduce unemployment and inflation rate and also cannot increase the economic growth and promote currency stability if they cannot reach a sufficient budget to cover all the expenditure. Tax is the main component of government revenue that will use to finance all the government expenditure to stabilize the economy. The expenditure here means the used of governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s revenue for the development and operational expenditure that will bring an economic growth. This study is undertaken to discover factors determinant of tax revenue which are independent variables namely Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation rate, unemployment and openness (trade) on dependent variable which is tax revenue. It tries to grasp those variables volatility impact on tax revenue in a given economic environment and horizon. Besides, this study was brought up to strenghten tho prove of previous similar study. However, due to the changing environmentof the economy, past researchers cannot be deem a suitable for current application. There is a need to revise the findings from the previous researchers, so it is consistent with current economic situation. The horizon of the research will cover from 1995 to the ending 2009. From this, all the indpendent variables are important towards dependent variable. Therefore the problem statement for this study is which variables that have strongly positive significant relationship towards tax revenue? RESEARCH QUESTION In order to realize the factors determining tax revenue, this question must be taken into consideration. The question is: What is the relationship between GDP and tax revenue? What is the relationship between Inflation rate and tax revenue? What is the relationship between Unemployment and tax revenue? What is the relationship between Openness and tax revenue? This question must be taken into consideration because the questions will answer the overall study and to make sure whether the problem lies within this factor or the others factor. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY General objectives The general objective of this study is to identify the factors determine tax revenue in Malaysia from year 1990 to 2009 which is 20 years. Specific objectives To know what are the factors that will increase or reduce the total tax revenue collected by government. To determine whether growth in GDP significantly affect tax revenue collected by government. To determine whether inflation in Malaysia significantly affect tax revenue collected by government. To determine whether unemployment in Malaysia significantly affect tax revenue collected by government. To determine whether the degree of openness in Malaysia significantly affect total tax revenue collected by the government. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This research study can help the researcher to determine the most significant independent variables to the dependent variable. From this study, it can help the relevant parties to know which variables can give influence to the tax revenue collected government. The findings from this research can provide the information to the other researcher for future research that is similar or related with this study. SCOPE OF STUDY The scope of study is as follow: This study focus on factors determining tax revenue collected by government. The data will be collected from 1990 to 2009 which is twenty years in yearly. Four variables are choosen which are GDP, inflation rate, unemployment, and openness. Software that used as a regression tool is Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 16.0. LIMITATIONS OF STUDY Cost Cost also becomes one of the limitations in doing this research because the researcher needs to bear all the cost and expenses in completing this research without getting any sponsorship. The cost that incurred such as stationeries expenses, photocopying, printing, transportation expenses and others are fully support by the researcher. Choice of Variables Choice of variables is the other limitation of the study. There have many variables that are determinants tax revenue and the researcher need to choose the exact variables so that it is suitable with the dependent variable. The variables that are choosen in this study are GDP, inflation rate, unemployment, and openness. Data Collection Data collection is one of the limitation of the study. The data covered a period of twenty years which is from 1990 to 2009 in yearly. Besides that, there have difficulties while choosing the exact journal and literature review that are strongly support all the variables. Accuracy of Data Accuracy also become a limitation of the study. Researcher used secondary sources in conducting this stdudy to collect data. The secondary sources such as annual reports, books, article, journal that the researcher found from internet and library. So, the accuracy of data depend from all the secondary sources that found in various materials. It means that, the researcher trying to maintain the originality and quality of the journal but the data needed depend on the materials. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWS The amount of literature that directly deals with an analysis of factors that determine tax revenue collected by government in Malaysia is fairly limited. Minea and Villieu (2009), in their research show theoretically that a tighter monetary policy should induce the government to improve institutional quality in order to limit the erosion of tax revenue. The model developed by them exhibits two interesting results. First, by finding an inverse relationship between the level of effort and the inflation target, the authors show that the lower the inflation target is, the higher the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effort in enhancing the quality of its institutions will be. In other words, by setting a lower inflation target, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“supra-authorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? encourages the fiscal authority to intensify its effort to implement a more efficient tax-collecting administration in order to recoup the loss of seigniorage revenue due to a tighter monetary policy. Effectively, a decrease in the inflation target reduces the interval in which governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effort is minimal and increases the interval in which the effort in improving institutional quality is maximal. To conclude, it is important to note that the incentive of the government to improve the collection of tax revenue could be nonetheless diminished by a significant decrease of inflation rate. Huang and Wei (2006) extended the model developed by modifying the principal-agent setup and by incorporating an indicator of financial development and social welfare function. They conclude that, conditionally to the cost of institutional reforms, pursue a low inflation target encourages the government to increase the performance of its tax collection system. Therefore the adoption of Inflation Targeting in emerging countries is expected to exert a positive effect on tax revenue collection. Indeed, empirical literature has provided evidence that tax revenue is negatively affected by inflation, the so-called Olivera-Tanzi effect (Tanzi, 1992). This inverse relationship is usually explained by the fact that the real value of tax revenue is erode by inflation, since it exists for some tax categories a time-lag between the date of imposition and the effective collection of these taxes. Therefore, by theoretically maintaining inflation at low levels, and therefore by increasing the real value of tax revenue, Inflation Targeting may attenuate the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tax collection effort. Lucotte (2010), used a methodology suggested by Dehejia and Wahba (1999) which consists of dropping treated observations whose the propensity score is higher than the maximum or smaller than the minimum in the control group. The result shows that the estimated average treatment effect on treated (ATT) are all found to be positive and statistically significant. This suggests that, on average, Inflation Targeting has a quantitatively large and statistically significant impact on increasing public revenue in emerging market economies. This result largely support their hypothesis that the adoption of Inflation Targeting may encourage the government to improve the collection of tax revenue. Clausing (2007), analyze the impact of the size and the profitability of the corporate sector on revenues from corporate tax. The result of her regression analysis confirm that the share of the value added of the corporate sector, profit level GDP per capita and GDP growth have a positive impact on revenues from corporate tax, whereas the unemployment level has a negative impact. Kubatova and Rihova (years of study are not stated), found that all of their examined factors (GDP growth, inflation and unemployment) were statistically significant. Along with the growth of GDP comes the growth of revenues from corporate tax. Inflation also has a similar effect. Conversely, higher unemployment leads to a decrease of the revenues from corporate tax. Qazi (2010), in his paper attempts to search the determinants of tax buoyancy of 25 developing countries. He found that growth in import and manufacturing sectors have positive and significant impact on tax buoyancy which shows with the increase in growth of import sector tax revenue collection increases through import duties, tariff, sales tax on import stage and withholding income tax at import stage. Saeed, Ahmad and Akhtar (2010), have studied the impact of corruption index on the tax revenues over 27 developing countries and use annual data for the 2002 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2006 periods found that GDP per capita is positive but it is significance at 12 percent level. The coefficient of the ratio of exports and imports (openness) to GDP is positive but not significance at even 10 percent level. CHAPTER THREE 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN RESEARCH DESIGN 3.1.1 Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to determine the factors determinant tax revenue in Malaysia namely Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation rate, unemployment and openness. 3.1.2 Research Interference Most of the data used in this study are obtained from the secondary sources from various resources that have been analyzed. The data are collected from an internet resources. 3.1.2.1 Accuracy and Data Reliability Multiple regression analysis and a correlation research design are selected as the method of this study in order to investigate the variables that are associated with the problem. Two random variables are positively correlated if high values of one are likely to be associated with high values of the other and negatively correlated if high values of one are likely to be associated with low values of the other known as correlation. A statistical method used with one dependent variable and more than one independent variable known as multiple regression analysis. Thus, the accuracy and the data reliability of the data may partly depend on the published materials. 3.1.3 Study Setting Secondary data from various resources have been analyzed. Research here is a field study where it is non contrive setting with minimial interference. 3.2 DATA COLLECTION In completing this study, data is the most important thing needed. From the data collected, the researcher can make analysis and interpret the output to find out the result. Secondary Data It refer to the data collected by someone for some other purposes. The sources include census reports, organizational records, surveys and annual reports. This secondary data used by the researcher to gain the idea and information to develop the literature review and complete this study. 3.2.1.1 Internet and website Google Search The major sources that the researcher choose to find and gather journal that related with this study. This website are useful to the reasercher because help the researcher to gain the information about this study. 3.2.1.2 Library Research The researcher find the journal and books through the library reserach. Some of the information from journals and published materials can be used as references to the researcher to get a better picture of the situation. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INDEPENDENT VARIABLES GDP Tax Revenue Inflation Rate DEPENDENT VARIABLE Unemployment Openness Figure 1.0: Theoretical Framework Based on the figure 1.0 above, it shows the relationship between the dependent variable which is Tax Revenue and the independent variables that includes Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Inflation Rate, Unemployment and Openness (trade). All these independent variables will be test to determine the relationship among these independent variables and dependent variables. 3.3.1 Priory Relationship 1. GDP and Tax Revenue : if GDP increase, the total tax revenue collected by government will also increase. This two variable have a positive relationship. 2. Inflation Rate and Tax Revenue : if an inflation rate increase, the total tax revenue collected by government will decrease. This two variable have a negative relationship. 3. Unemployment and Tax Revenue : if unemployment increase, the total tax revenue collected by government will decrease. This two variable have a negative relationship. 4. Openness and Tax Revenue : if the degree of openness increase, the total tax revenue collected by government will also increase. This two variable have a positive relationship. HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT The purpose of the hypothesis statement is to illustrates which of the hypothesis is most affect the dependent variable. The hypothesis are: H0 : GDP is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia H1 : GDP is statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. H0 : Inflation is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia H1 : Inflation is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. H0 : Unemployment is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. H1 : Unemployment is indeed statistically significant to affect tax Revenue in Malaysia. H0 : Openness is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. H1 : Openness is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. DATA ANALYSIS In this study, the data analysis need to be explained clearly. The data also consists of independent variable and dependent variable which is GDP, inflation rate, unemployment and openness . Pearson coefficient of correlation is used to the extent of relationship among different variables. All the data has been analyzed by using Statistical package Science for Social (SPSS) program. The data will be examine by: Beta analysia (Coefficient) To find out the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. Does the relationship exist or not. Coefficient of Determination (R-squared) To know how well the independent variables explain the variation of the dependent variable in the regression. T-Statistic Identify significant relationship of each independent variable with the dependent variable F-Statistic Testing the significance of the overall independent variables with the dependent variable Standard Error of Estimation (See) The objective is to identify whether a particular variableis significant at a certain level of confidence. Multiple Regression Analysis TR = f ( GDP, Inf, Un, Op )This technique will focus on a relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variable. The regression analysis help the researcher to understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variable is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. TR = a + b1 GDP + b2 Inf + b3 Un + b4 Op + Ɇº Where: TR = Tax Revenue GDP = Gross Domestic Product Inf = Inflation Rate Un = Unemployment Op = Openness The dependent variable in the above equation is tax revenue while the independent variables are GDP, inflation rate, unemployment and openness. Beta Analysis (Coefficient) Beta analysis is a measurement used in order to find out the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable does exist or not. Therefore, if the result is positive that means the independent variables can explain the changes in the dependent variable. Coefficient of Determination (R ²) The coefficient of determination is a statistic that will give information the goodness of fit of model. It is a statistical measure of how well the regression line approximates the real data points. Is a descriptive measure between zero and one, indicating how good one term is at predicting another. The value of coefficient of determination is shown below: Range of R ² Strength of relationship No relationship with dependent variable 0.1 to 0.5 Weak relationship between independent variables and dependent variable 0.6 to 0.9 Dependent variable is strongly explained by independent variables 1 Dependent variable ia perfectly explained by Independent variables T-Statistic T-statistic is used to determine whether the significance between the dependent variable and the independent variables exists or not. If the computed T-stat is greater than book T-value, the independent variable is statistically significant or vice-versa. In order to get book T-value, the degree of freedom should be culculated at a 95% confidence interval. The degree of freedom can be calculated as follow: Degree of freedom = n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" k à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 Where: k = Number of Independent Variable n = Number of Observation The results for T-statistic: Accept H1, reject H0 If the computed t-statistic is greater than the book T-value at a 95% confidence interval. Reject H1, accept H0 If the computed t-statistic is lower than the book T-value at a 95% confidence interval. F-Statistic F-test is an overall test of the null hypothesis that group means on the dependent variable do not differ. It is used when comparing statistical models that have been fit to a data set, in order to identify the model that best fit the popultaion from which the data were sampled. F-test mainly arise when the models have been fit to the data using least squares. In order to get book F-value, it should be culculated at a 5% significant level. Formula for book F-value is as follow: Book F-value = FÃŽÂ ± (k à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1, n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" k) Where: ÃŽÂ ± = Significant level (5%) k = Number of Independent Variable n = Number of Observation k à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 = Numerator n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" k = Denominator The result for F-Statistics: Accept H1, reject H0 If the computed F-Statistic is greater than the book F-value at 5% significant level. Reject H1, accept H0 If the computed F-Statistic is lower than the book F-value at 5% significant level. 3.5.6 Standard Error of Estimation (See) It is a measure of the dispersion of tthe data points from the regression line. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objective is to identify whether a particular variable is significant at a certain level of confidence. Standard error can be measured in two ways: Using T-stat See = b t-stat Degree of freedom Df = n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" k à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 It is also useful in determining the range in which the dependent variable will point to a specified probability. CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 DATA DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS This chapter focuses on the data description and result analysis. All the data collected in this study were processed using Microsoft Office Excel and the SPSS program. Microsoft Office Excel was used to describe the performance of dependent variable and independent variables. SPSS program was used to analyze the data from the correlation and regression analysis. The method was used to analyze the data was Multiple Regression Correlation Analysis. A multiple regression analysis involves more than one independent variable. The process of evaluating is the same with simple regression, but in order to derive the estimated regression, a computer is employed due to the complex nature of data and time required. The presentation of findings is made to examine the relationship among independent variables (GDP, inflation, unemployment and openness) and dependent variable (tax revenue). This study used Multiple Regression Method Analysis which is the interpretation of Regression Analysis includes Beta Analysis (Coefficient), Coefficient of determination (R-Squared), T-statistics and F-statistics. 4.1 DATA DESCRIPTION Dependent Variable Figure 1 Independent Variables Figure 2 Gross Domestic Product is the value at current prices of the total annual output of final goods and services produced in a country. .. Figure 3 Inflation rate is the percentage annual increase in the general price level, commonly measured by the consumer price index (CPI) or some comparable price index. . Figure 4 Unemployment rate is Figure 5 Openness is 4.2 INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND FINDINGS 4.2.1 Research Analysis From the data obtained, it shows the result of regression output as stated in Table 1 as follows: Table 1 Variables Constant GDP Inflation Unemployment Openness Beta Analysis -144980.369 13.481 1657.557 5860.522 -572.845 T-statistics 8.284 5.562 3.435 2.643 7.017 R-squared : 0.990 F-statistics : 358.696 Standard error of estimation : 6122.50419 4.2.2 Regression Equation From the result obtained, we can derive the regression linear function as follows: General function: TR = f ( GDP, Inf, Un, Op ) Multiple Regression Equation: TR = a + b1 GDP + b2 Inf + b3 Un + b4 Op + Ɇº TR = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 144980.369 + 13.481 GDP + 1657.557 Inf + 5860.522 Un à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 572.845 Op + Ɇº 4.3 RESULT OF FINDINGS 4.4.1 Beta Analysis (Coefficient) Beta analysis is a measurement used in order to find out whether a relationship exists between the independent variables and the dependent variable. Table 2: The result of beta analysis Variables Beta Analysis GDP 13.481 Inflation 1657.557 Unemployment 5860.522 Openness -572.845 Beta analysis for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) From the results obtained, it shows that when GDP increase by 1 unit, tax revenue will increase by 13.481 units. The increase in GDP will raised the total tax revenue collected by government. It shows that this two variable have a positive relationship and consistent with the economic theory. This is because .. Beta analysis for Inflation From the results obtained, it shows that an increase of 1 unit in inflation can explain an increase of 1657.557 units in tax revenue. The increase in inflation will increase the total tax revenue collected by government. It shows that this two variable have a positive relationship and not consistent with the economic theory. This is because .support dengan LR. Beta analysis for Unemployment From the results obtained, it shows that when an unemplyment increase by 1 unit, tax revenue will increase by 5860.522 units. The increase in an unemployment will raised the total tax revenue collected by government. It shows that this two variable have a positive relationship and not consistent with the economic theory. This is because . support dengan LR. Beta analysis for Openness From the results obtained, it shows that when an openness increase by 1 unit, tax revenue will decrease by 572.845 units. The increase in an openness will reduced the total tax revenue collected by government. It shows that this two variable have a negative relationship and not consistent with the economic theory. This is because . support dengan LR. 4.4.2 Coefficient of Determination (R-squared) Coefficient of determination or R-squared measures what percentage of a change in the dependent variable can be measured or explained by the change in the independent variables. It is also explains the level of the explanatory power. If R-squared = 0 (no explanatory power) This means that none of the change in the dependent variable can be measured by the change in the independent variables. The estimated equation is useless. If R-squared = 1 (full explanatory power) This means 100% of the change in the dependent variable can be explained by the change in the independent variables. From the results obtained, it shows that R-squared is 0.990. This means that 99% change in the dependent variable can be explained by the change in independent variables. However, 1% can be explained by other variables. This means that the dependent variable is strongly explained by independent variables. Besides, it also has an accepted higher explanatory power by 99%. 4.4.3 T-statistic T-statistic is used to determine whether the significance between the dependent variable and the independent variables exists or not. If the computed T-stat is greater than book T-value, the independent variable is statistically significant or vice-versa. In order to get book T-value, the degree of freedom should be culculated at a 95% confidence interval. Degree of freedom = n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" k à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 = 20 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 = 15 From the T-distribution table, the book T-value is 2.131 at 95% confidence interval level. Table 3: The results of T-statistic Variables T-statistics Findings GDP 5.562 2.131 Significant Inflation 3.435 2.131 Significant Unemployment 2.643 2.131 Significant Openness 7.017 2.131 Significant T-statistic for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) From the results obtained, the culculated T-value is higher than the book T-value (5.562 2.131) at a 95% confidence interval. H0 : GDP is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. H1 : GDP is statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. Therefore, we accept H1 and reject H0 because gross domestic product (GDP) is statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. T-statistics for Inflation From the results obtained, the culculated T-value is higher than the book T-value (3.435 2.131) at a 95% confidence interval. H0 : Inflation is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia H1 : Inflation is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. Therefore, we accept H1 and reject H0 because inflation is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. T-statistics for Unemployment From the results obtained, the culculated T-value is higher than the book T-value (2.643 2.131) at a 95% confidence interval. H0 : Unemployment is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. H1 : Unemployment is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. Therefore, we accept H1 and reject H0 because unemployment is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. T-statistics for Openness From the results obtained, the culculated T-value is higher than the book T-value (7.017 2.131) at a 95% confidence interval. H0 : Openness is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue In Malaysia. H1 : Openness is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. Therefore, we accept H1 and reject H0 because openness is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. 4.4.4 F-statistics F-statistic is used to test the hypothesis that the variation in the independent variables explained a significant portion of the variation in the dependent variable. The formula of book F-value is as follow: Book F-value = FÃŽÂ ± (k à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1, n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" k) = F0.05 (5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1, 20 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 5) = F0.05 (3, 16) Numerator Denominator From the F-distribution table, the book F-value is 3.06. The culculated F-statistic is 358.696 3.06 that means all the independent variables (GDP, Inf, Un and Op) are said to be statistically significant. H0 : All the independent variables are not significant enough to affect total tax revenue collected by government in Malaysia. H1 : All the independent variables are significant enough to affect total tax revenue collected by government in Malaysia. From the results obtained, we accept H1 and reject H0 since there is significance for the overall model. 4.4.5 Standard error of estimation (See) It is a measure of the dispersion of the data points from the regression line. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objective is to identify whether a particular variable is significant at a certain level of confidence. Standard error of estimation can be measured in two ways by using T-statistic and degree of freedom. It also useful in determining the range which dependent variable will point to within a specified probability. From the results obtained, the standard error of estimation is 6122.50419, which means the smaller the standard error, the closer the data points are to the regression line.

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