Phonological Neighborhood Size on Verbal Short-term Memory

Phonological Neighborhood Size on Verbal Short-term MemoryNG LI JIAFor several decades, researchers essay to understand the dynamics of short storage in speech bear upon and raillery refund. However, data were contradictory collectable to different lines of inquiry employ varying methodologies. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of formulate recall and short-term memory remains an elusive, precisely not an impossible task. It is important to pinpoint how short-term memory and long-term memory interact so that light gouge be shed on illnesses which can affect speech vocalism (Caplan, Michaud, Hufford, 2013).Current research foc physical exertiond on likeness coat assemble on the serial recall of voice communication. Neighborhood size refers to the number of phonologically-similar lyric on a list that is serially recalled. Many experiments have shown that rallying cry recall was worse apply lists with many phonologically similar words, i.e. words with a large locality size.Roodenrys (2009) concluded the efficacy of word recall was more than affected by large approximation size and frequency due to phonological similarities. However, when Roodenrys replicated Goh Pisonis (2003) experiments using words that were not neighbors on the akin list, no personal beliefs were build for either large or infinitesimal populations.The followers experiment utilize lists where neighbors ar present in set solely not on aforementioned(prenominal) lists. It will also utilize lists where neighbors are present in list but not present in set. Therefore, hypothesized that serial recall will be more significantly than small neighborhood sizes as opposed to large neighborhood sizes where words are present in list but not in same set. In addition, it is hypothesized that significant effects will be noted by small neighborhood sizes on serial word recall when no neighbors reckon in the set. Examination of past experimental methodologies is in vow to determine where errors were made and how to navigate the best approach to stress or disprove the aforementioned hypotheses.Jalbert, Neath Suprenant (2011) showed that word continuance and concurrent articulation negated neighborhood size effects in mixed lists. Concurrent articulation is specify as when a word that is to be recalled is spoken or articulate almost simultaneously, adding a so-called cognitive load as advantageously as noise to the to-be-remembered items (Jalbert et al., 2011). This study demonstrated that small neighborhood size was affected very little by concurrent articulation.The studys design was deflower by the fact that such small sample was used. That is, only ten faces were tested small number from which to collect inwardnessful data. Furthermore, it stands to reason that studies should use subjects who have similar educational backgrounds and/or similar ages, thereby eliminating con effect. elderly people may show quicker decay while when sho wn a word, then slowing down process of redintegration.However, recalling longer words from big neighborhood sizes, higher-educated people would be more familiar with lists and/or sets of words of longer lengths. In this study, English was native language of the subjects. However, they failed to mention whether subjects had advance in second language, a skill which could help recalled CVC (consonant-verb-consonant) words, or nonetheless with longer codswallop words. Example, if a subject was shown the nonsense word geto, subject may use secondary language to recall similar word gato which, in Spanish, means cat, or homonyms such as paro (a nonsense word) and pero, meaning but in Spanish, assisting in a different mechanism of recall other than a phonological loop.Goh and Pisoni (2008) used 56 subjects of roughly the same age and educational level in the first experiment of their study, thus electric potentially eliminating age and educational level variability and gathered more data from the subjects. Goh and Pisoni (2008) also considered short-term memory span ( short-term memory) and measured this variant quantity accordingly, using the nine-digit span. The researchers found that all subjects scored about the same.However, this studys aim to measure lexical competition based on frequency and density of neighborhood sizes. They found that lexical competition among item-specific information for easy versus hard words in non-repeated lists was performed mainly in long-term memory (LTM) (Goh and Pisoni, 2008). The researchers assumed LTM and STM are static entities and they are not in flux. Moreover, their definitions of experimental effects fit STM versus LTM are ambiguous. The abovementioned researchers did not use nonsense words in their experiments, which would have served as a significant variable for determining boundaries of LTM and STM, because nonsense words are less keep going in large populations. Nonsense words would help eliminate lexical de nsity in neighborhood populations and further define process of redintegration, i.e. how words decay into STM traces are somehow retrieved and reconstructed.Roodenrys et al. (2002) conducted similar study using 24 Australian subjects, all of them native English speakers. Roodenrys et al.s (2002) contradicted other findings that found speech perception in lexical properties playing a aim in redintegration of words. Rather, these experiments pointed squarely to phonological processing rather than speech perception. art object the design and methodology were sound, researchers failed to account for cultural. The results of all four experiments revealed a unreasonable result, i.e. effects of neighborhood frequency had little impact on word recall. Roodenrys (2002) stressed that most of the word recall effects in their experiments were mediate by speech-production mechanisms.Researchers especially Roodenrys contended lexical memory equates with LTM. However, their line of reasoning is unsound. It seems the time elapsed between seeing a word and its recall should exist one definition of how STM of word lists and intrusion errors across sets could specialize the boundary between STM and LTM. Another consideration, is the effect of pattern perception on recall accuracy as well as the potential effect on LTM. Furthermore, there may not be a universal wiring schematic for individual.Finally, many of these questions will be investigated in this experiment and variables will be held constant to accurately calculate the effect of independent variable(s), and conclusive data will be collected to prove or disprove hypotheses that predict significant effects of small neighborhood sizes when no neighborhood words are on list but in a set and predicting significant effects of small neighborhood sizes (as opposed to large neighborhood sizes) when no neighborhood words appear in the set.ReferencesCaplan, D., Michaud, J., Hufford, R., (2013). Short Term Memory, Working M emory, and Syntactic Comprehension in Aphasia. Cognitive Neuropsychology 30(2). doi 10.1080/02643294.2013.803958.Goh, W. D., Pisoni, D. B. (2003). Effects of lexical competition on immediate memory span for spoken words. The Quarterly Journal of observational Psychology, 56A, 929-954.Jalbert, A., Neath, I. Suprenant, A.M. (2011). Does length or neighbourhood size cause the word length effect. Memory Cognition, 39, 1198-1210.Roodenrys, S., Hulme, C., Lethbridge, A., Hinton, M., Nimmo, L.M., (2002). Word-Frequency and Phonological-Neighborhood Effects on Verbal short Memory. Journal of experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28(6) 1019- 1034.Roodenrys, S., (2009). Explaining Phonological Neighbourhood Effects in Short-Term Memory.Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences. Retrieved from http//ro.uow.edu.au/hbspapers/1693/

Virgin Atlantic Market Segmentation

perfect(a) Atlantic grocery segmentationProvide a hypothetical ROMI analytic thinking if virginal spent an spear carrier 5m in merchandise based on a 25% margin, 10% for costs, against 500m in crying(a) r horizontalue, what is the break out even on the 5m extra coronation, provide the calculations and critical analysis.INTRODUCTIONThe trade plane section is certainly at the heart of either organization, since it is responsible for setting, implementing, and evaluating market placeing st rungies to meet the clients wants and lacks, and to obey customers so as to take a shit make and sustain the wrinkle enterprise.Smith and Rapin (2008) stated that market success is forever and a day driven by a thorough understanding of the market and a set of ardent marketing strategies. They have advocated measuring the marketing performances of galore(postnominal) companies in recent stratums. This trend of measuring marketing activities to a fault was say by McDonald and Mouncey (2009), who observed that change magnitudely, boards of directors and marketers desire to evaluate market performances to repoint how marketing boosts make doholder value and whether a firm is accomplishing its marketing objectives. There is a need to understand the avocation, to develop a framework, and to quantify the performance of marketing objectives and programmes.Furthermore, Ambler (2003) defined the term marketing inflection, which is a saloon of the self-colored cable enterprises marketing performance, and suggested employing a portfolio of rhythmic pattern to increase the accuracy of the results. Rust et al. (2004) erect that a beau monde employing market prosody to forecast future uncertainties and directions has compound resource anyocation, since better decisions nates be made by draftsmanship on littleons from the past. Therefore, measuring marketing performance, a company brook remedy its marketing efficiency and effectiveness, draw its st rengths and weaknesses, establish precise insights betwixt the investment in marketing activities and the financial value that investment devotes, and so forth.The pattern of this essay is to develop a practical framework of marketing metrics for thoroughgoing(a) Atlantic Airways to measure its marketing efforts and identify its challenges. The essay begins by (1) presenting the business model for pure(a) Atlantic Airways, (2) identifying the correct marketing metrics for Virgin Atlantic and evaluating those, and (3) calculating the marketing performance by compute the return on marketing investment (ROMI) of the fight down spending and a break-even analysis of the strainlines hot cristal.PART I BUSINESS MODEL OF unadulterated ATLANTIC AIRWAYSCompany OverviewVirgin Atlantic Airways Limited (Virgin Atlantic) is Britains second largest long-haul world(prenominal) airline. Apart from scheduled services, Virgin Atlantic operates cargo transport services, wing to 31 destina tions around the world using 37 aircraft, the aver progress age of which is approximately six years (it has one of youngest fleets worldwide), carries mostly six jillion passengers each year, and employs nearly 9,000 people currently (Civil Aviation Authority, 2009 a Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c).Virgin Atlantic is a subsidiary company and the best- crawl inn business in the Virgin Group Ltd. (Virgin Group), which possesses a 51% stake of it, with the end having been sold to Singapore Airlines so the dickens airlines could operate together as a strategic partnership (Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c).Virgin Atlantic was founded in the U.K. in 1984. Its founder, Richard Branson, was motivated by trinity problems of the airline industry in that epoch public lifes were expensive, companies lacked innovation, and long-haul flights were monotonous and uncomfortable (Twivy, 1986). Therefore, Richard established Virgin Atlantic and differentiated its grade with early(a) airlines by positioning fun, quality, and innovation as its core vane values. This female genitalia be seen from the airlines vision statement to provide the highest quality innovational service at comminuted value for money for all classes of air incitelers. Its objective is to fly a profitable airline that people sexual love to fly and where people love to work (Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c).Virgin Atlantic is a company setting a invigorated standard for the industry. It was the first to break the cabin hierarchy from a three- to two-class system, to install individual televisions on the stern backs in economy class, to introduce a fully flat dormancy bed in upper class, and to fly using bio-fuel at 30,000 feet (Twivy, 1986 Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c). Its innovative and unique offerings are great contributing factors to its having won numerous business, customer service, and trade awards worldwide. To sum up, the offers and value that Virgin Atlantic gives were a marked revolution for the airline ind ustry.Business MapThe map in a higher place is created by summarising from the student information pack, Financial Information Press kit up Full Press Information Kit 2009 at virgin-atlantic.com. (Notice The customer divide indicated in a higher place is unless concerned with the passenger market). Appendixes A and B light upon Virgin Atlantics current strategies and market segmentation.Industry HighlightsThe airline industry stooge be classified as either business logistics or passenger. Those that fix in air-passenger transport gutter further divided into scheduled and non-scheduled services. In recent years, the low-cost carriers of the scheduled market have grown rapidly, while the high-cost carriers are continually struggling to grow (Manley, 2009).Many airlines offer three flying classes for its passengers-first, business, and economy class-and they set different equipment casualtys for the different segments. In foothold of the consumer, the purchaser may not be t he ultimate put onr of the service, so it is necessary for airlines to recognise the different needs of decision makers and consumptionrs.Recently, the industry has been ache during the economy downturn. In such conditions, more companies decenniumd to downgrade their travel policies, so first and business class flights are being lessen sharply (Shaw, 2007).For airlines to maintain their business, they eer have to pay for high in operation(p) and fixed expenditures (Civil Aviation Authority, 2009 b). Furthermore, economic, political, and legal changes, weather, and changes of fuel wrongs can have a significant impact on airlines (Manley, 2009).Many airlines attempt to cooperate with other similar airlines to serve more destinations, to be more convenient for customers, and to retain customer by rewarding with shit flyer miles.(Appendix C describes exact Industry Overview)SOWT AnalysisSWOT analysis is a tool that illustrates a companys strengths and weaknesses (its internal environment) cogitate to its competitors and what opportunities and threats it faces (its external environment) (Capon, 2009).Virgin Atlantic strengths are its strong station image, its innovation for setting a new industry standard, its excellent customer service products, its close interactions with its customers (Virgin Atlantic, 2009 a), and its strategic alliances with other quality airlines that offer more destinations (Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c).Its weaknesses are that it is too reliant on Branson (a sharp push down in sales occurred after Bransons death), weak in the economy class-leisure market, and offers only limited destinations.Its opportunities are to target new segments of customers due to the aging of the population, to improve its service quality to become a five-star airline in Skytrax, and to go along more destinations to increase its market share.It is vulnerable(threats) to losing its customers due to the open-skies agreement (less pattern of flights betw een the E.U. and the U.S.), to intense pressure from the rapid egress of low-cost carriers, recession, new industrial regulations, terrorist attacks, and soaring oil prices.(Appendix D and Appendix E reason PESTEL analysis of the airline industry and Competitors analysis for Virgin Atlantic)PART II MARKETING METRICS FOR VIRGIN ATLANTIC AIRWAYS after(prenominal) reviewing of Virgin Atlantic, I would recommend a number of crucial marketing metrics, which can be categorised into the next four performance aspects financial-related (or shareholder), market-related, bulls eye-related and customer-related. The following paragraphs explain wherefore these were selected and discuss the measurement needs and impacts on the decision-making process of each metrics. Finally, recommendations and terminus ad quem of the framework are drawn.Profit is the most important factor for a company to survive. Kerin and Sethuraman (1998) pointed out that marketers always monitor financial performance because increasing earnings and cash flow turnout increases shareholder values made, and all marketing activities are funding by it. Therefore it is need to measure the financial-related performance which at least three metrics can utilise to monitor Virgins profit and cost how efficiency of Virgin spend and generate profit-return on marketing investment (ROMI), return on sales (or profit margin), and cabbage sales contribution. Firstly, return on marketing investment is the constituent of net profit generated by marketing activities divided by agree marketing expenditures. ROMI measures how marketing expenditures contribute to profits and is used to insight into the gainfulness of Virgins marketing activities. Secondly, return on sales is the net profit as a circumstances of the sales revenue, which measures how company efficiency generates profits from sales turnoers and downplays spending, since net profits are equal to sales revenue minus total cost. Virgin Atlantic can us e the above metrics to understand itself and the market by comparing these metrics against its key competitors or industries. Other important indictors related to financial performance include sales, gross profits, profit before taxes, and liquidity ratio, which do not require metrics since they can be easily obtained from the companys financial statements.Ambler (2003) observed that managers always concern the financial performance, and ignore other non-financial activities, for instance, sales is driven by customers indeed. Therefore customer is definitely needed to measure. Before marketing department is responsible for attracting and retaining customers-without customers, identifying who target customers are is also important, how they generate profit to Virgin. So, retention and churn, customer profitability, customer lifetime value, and net sales contribution can include. Firstly, retention rate is the component of customers a company is able to retaining all over time, whi ch also measures customer loyalty, while churn measures the percentage of customers lost. If the retention rate is low, the company has to spend more effort to retain its customers since it costs less than attracting new customers. If it is high, marketers should investigate the profitability of its relationships to measure this, customer profitability can be employed. guest profitability is the profitability of customers based on the differences in customer revenue and cost, helps the company identify the most profitable customers. Farris et al (2006) suggest a process to calculating it sorting customers net profits, classify customers by the customers profits in 10 deciles, wherefore it can show the distribution of profit generated by each free radical. Normally, the profitability of the top convocation is between 150 to 300% (ibid). Fourthly, customer lifetime value is an estimate of the customer value in the number of years the customer is anticipate to purchase a addict ed product, which measures the worth of a customer as a loyal purchaser of the companys products or services. It is important to be informed that metrics are rough estimations since input data is difficult to address and may change over time. Fifthly, net sales contribution is the sales generated from a particularised segment divided by total sales. It measures how good the segment performed within all segments and insights which segments contribute the most to sales. The metrics mentioned above are valuable to mangers to identify profitable customers and which marketing programs can be developed to reinforce the customer relationship with them (Davis, 2007). Other important indictors related to customer performance include purchase frequency, average amount per deed or sales, and the number of customers or new customers from transaction support systems.Market performance and trends directly link to financial result, and are indictors for manger since they would know how effec tiveness of the market. No surprising, the measurement of market-related aspects is also needed. The break-even analysis, market share and growth, and year share, can be included. Firstly, break-even analysis is a tool for projecting the use of a new product or service, which measures how umpteen units ordain be required at a certain price to reach the break-even point. It can show how changes in price affect sales levels or how several(prenominal) years it will take to break even (Paek, 2000). Therefore, if the market size of it is not big enough, it is probably not to serve. Secondly, market share is the percentage of Virgins shares owned within the unharmed market which can calculate by the number of customers or sales value. Market growth is similar to market share but shows the percentage increase of this year compared with previous years. Thirdly, socio-economic class share is the percentage of the number of customers who purchased an item of a specific marque divided by the number of customers who purchased an item under a specific category, measuring the popularity of a smear. Over time, market share, market growth, and category share provides marketers insight about Virgins performance sales against its competitors by monitoring the growth of the company and its competitors and consumer trends within the market, but category share shows more exposit about category growth, for example, whether customers were acquired from competitors or if total users were gained under the same category. fit in to McDonald, M. and Mouncey, P. (2009), brand figure for at least 20 % of the companys asset, it helps customer to remove the company and its product among competitors, so it is indispensable to measure, but the challenges are many approaches available and difficult to qualify. The measurement of brand-related for Virgin can include brand awareness and loyalty, and customer contentment. Firstly, Brand Awareness measure the proportion of potential c ustomers and consumers recognised the brand while brand loyalty is measured by usage, how was the frequency customers purchased a brand. Awareness, loyalty top of mind (the first brand in a customer mind within a given category), attitudes (the degree of customer belief towards a given brand) can simultaneously be measured by conducting a survey. Those can insight the brand location in the customers heart which influences customer buy behaviours and the sales. More importantly, recognizing consumer and non-consumer group is needed since results of them is always different (Gupta Lehmann, 2005). Secondly, customer satisfaction is a pass judgment to measure customers experiences on specific aspects, also measured by a survey. It shows how well of their offers meets customers expectations. However, the selection of survey respondent should be careful, high satisfaction may not mean all the customers are satisfied some disappointed customers may simply leave from the company to compe titors before the company noticed.Measuring marketing metrics is a continuous process, which should be through regularly (Patterson, 2005). Over time, metrics can illustrate the effectiveness of marketing strategies and tactics and market changes. More importantly, the measurement methods of metrics also changes over time methods currently employed are considered state-of-the-art.Although Virgin can use the above models, still reminding other intangible factors cannot be measured, such as relationships, reputation and trust, culture and values, skills and competencies, knowledge, and processes and systems. These are important because of generating value for a company, and account for the majority of a companys assets (McDonald and Mouncey, 2009).In conclusion, the metrics recommended to asses Virgins marketing outcomes involve the following performances areas financial-related (or shareholder), market-related, brand-related and customer-related. Working with these metrics Virgin can monitor its revenue and spending, identify and retain the valuable customers, identify the chance expanding its market, insight customer learning towards the brand.PART III MARKETING CAMPAIGN FOR VIRGIN ATLANTIC AIRWAYS market Challenge and StrategyVirgin Atlantic feared that the E.U./U.S. Open Skies Agreement, introduced in border 2008 (Stewart, 2007), would have a negative impact for the future of its market share. Virgin Atlantic may lose part of its customers, since 40% of Virgin Atlantics business class-travel now is between the U.S. and Europe (Foresight, 2008). No doubt Virgin Atlantic needs to retain its customers or to expand into other new markets.harmonize to the World Tourism Organization, the route that serves the most passengers between the U.S. and London airports is between London and New York (ibid.). Virgin Atlantic plans to offer frequent business travellers an exclusive private luxury flight experience, operating a in two ways daily flight between London and New York, and pricing the tag end at 1000.Virgin Atlantic also decided to initiate a marketing campaign by using TV commercials and outdoor advisements near the airports to raise Virgin Atlantics brand awareness among business travellers who fly a good deal between New York and London. The target audiences are frequent flight business travellers or upscale leisure passengers (those who fly an average of ten clock a year), male, aged 25 to 65, with more than 50,000 income per year.The following section employs two metrics, the break-even analysis and return on marketing investment, to forecast and measure Virgin Atlantics marketing performance.Assumptionsthe objective profit margin for the campaign was expected to be 25 %the 10% overhead on its sales generatedthe extra sales generated by the campaign are 15 one one thousand million million millionthe operational and changeable cost for flights twice a daily per year is 24 millionthe extra marketing expenditure for the campaig n is 2 millionthe price of a flight is 1,000the average number of flights per consumer is ten per yearthe net profit contribution is 24 %the year of customer loyal and purchasing the tickets 10 times a year is 5 years.Calculation of good luck even for new business-classes flightsclient Equity per year= price of flight * average flight times a year= 1,000 * 10= 10,000Customer sprightliness comeliness= Customer Equity per year * distributor point of year remains as a frequent flight business travellers= 10,000*5 = 50,000Customer life net profit= Customer Lifetime equity * Net profit contribution= 50,000 * 0.25= 12,500Number of customers need to Break-even= operational and protean cost for flights twice a day per year / Customer Lifetime net profit= 24m / 12,500 = 1,920If Virgin Atlantic can have 1,920 frequent flight customers who purchase the flight for 5 years, and 10 times per year, then this project will reach break even points.Calculation of ROMI fight profits = assumed p rofit margin * extra sales generated= 25% *15 million =3.75 millionHowever, the campaign was overhead 10% in the 15 million sales,Extra cost for campaign= overhead percentage * extra sales generated= 10% *15 million sales =1.5 millionNet profit generated from the campaign = Campaign profits -Extra cost for campaign= 3.75 million-1.5 million = 2.25 million.ROMI = (Net Profit generated from the campaign / Campaign cost) *100%= ( 2.25 m / 2 m)*100% =112.5 %The result of ROMI is positive which means that marketing spending is deemed.As the extra cost 2 million is needed for the campaign, the break even point will be changed as followsCalculation of Post-Break even for new business-classes flights with extra cost in marketing.Customer Equity per year= price of flight * average flight times a year= 1,000 * 10= 10,000Customer Lifetime equity= Customer Equity per year * period of year remains as a frequent flight business travellers= 10,000*5 = 50,000Customer Lifetime net profit= Custo mer Lifetime equity * Net profit contribution= 50,000 * 0.25= 12,500Total cost for flights twice a day per year = operational and variable cost for flights twice a day per year + extra marketing cost= 24 million + 2 million = 26 millionNumber of customers need to Break-even= Total cost for flights twice a day per year / Customer Lifetime net profit= 26m / 12,500 = 2,080The break-even analysis indicated that Virgin Atlantic will need 2,080 frequent flight customers who will purchase the flight ten times per year for five years to reach the break-even point for the whole new route with the new marketing campaign in play. After reaching 2,080 customers, the company will start to make a profit.The break-even analysis is computed twice to show the different outcomes if extra marketing spending is added. In fact, as the costs increase, the number of customers needed increases as well. Therefore, if the managers believe it is painless to reach the break-even point, the airline is likely to launch this route. As the break-even analysis uses customer lifetime equity for the calculations, it is possible for that the break-even point may fail to be met in the short term, but for long-term outlooks and for retaining customers, it still can be profitable (Dwyer, 1999).The positive ROMI indicates that the activity is healthy. If ROMI is equal to 100%, this means the marketing campaign will break even. To compute the ROMI, the cost is needed, as atomic number 79 (2003) mentioned that sales revenues may not increase immediately after announce begins, and it is difficult to determine whether the costs belong to the marketing department. Furthermore, spending decreases can result in maximizing the ROMI, so balancing expenses with marketing expenses with ROMI is also important (Lenskold, 2004).(3392 words)

Evaluation Of An Error Control Codec Information Technology Essay

military rating Of An Error Control legislationc In cultivateation Technology EssayThe assignments object is to physical body and evaluate an wrongful conduct control encryptc. This aims to prove in practice the play cypher theory.In the first part there is a design of an en work outr and its simulation. From the en enrolr simulation we domiciliate figure how the code joints be generated and when a codeword is valid.The decipherer purpose is to rec everyplace the codeword from the legitimate word. To accomplish this, syndrome theory was utilise. A design and a simulation of the decipherer is shown in answer 2.Final, a codec is designed with an extension of XOR admittances to introduce errors. The main reason of this is to commiserate why overplay code can get hold 2 errors and reverse only one.Introduction to ham linear overgorge codesNoise ca utilizes errors ( data distortion) during transmission. So, a received center has arcsecond errors. A repercussion o f noise is the variation of one or more here and nows of a codeword. Alteration of a bit means inversion of its situation because signals have double star form. Some examples of abuzz communication demarcations are a) an analogue telephone line which, oer which cardinal modems communicate digital training and b) a disk drive. in that respect are ii solutions that can achieve perfect communication over an imperfect noisy communication occupation, physical and system solution. Physical modifications g wrangleing the cost of the communication stemma.Information theory and cryptanalytics theory digest an alternative approach we accept the minded(p) noisy channel as it is and add communication systems to it, so that we can detect and set the errors introduced by the channel. As shown in figure 1, we add an encoder before the channel and a decoder after it. The encoder encodes the source message s into a genetic message t, adding redundancy to the original message in some way. The channel adds noise to the transmitted message, yielding a received message r. The decoder uses the known redundancy introduced by the encoding system to infer twain the original signal and the added noise. jut 1 Error catch up withing codes for the double star biradial channel 1The only cost for system solution is a computational requirement at the encoder and decoder.Error detective work and error even outionIn order to make error correction manageable, the bit errors must be detected. When an error has been detected, the correction can be obtained by a) receiver asks for reiterate transmission of the incorrect codeword until a correct one has been received semiautomatic Repeat Request (ARQ) b) victimization the structure of the error correcting code to correct the error in the lead Error field of study (FEC). Forward Error Correction is been use for this assignment.Error DetectionAutomatic Repeat RequestForward Error CorrectionBlock CodeBlock CodeConvolutiona l Code propose 2 The main methods to introduce error correction codingLinear block codesLinear block codes are a pattern of mirror symmetry delay codes that can be characterized by the (n, k) nonation. The encoder transforms a block of k message digits into a longer block of n codeword digits constructed from a given alphabet of elements. When the alphabet consists of two elements (0 and 1), the code is a binary code comprising binary digits (bits).4 The on qualifying assignment of linear block codes is curtail to binary codes.The output of an information source is a sequence of binary digits 0 or 1 (since we discuss about binary codes). In block coding, this binary information sequence is segmented into message blocks of located length. Each block can represent any of 2k distinct messages. The channel encoder transforms each k-bit data block into a larger block of n bits, called code bits. The (n-k) bits, which the channel encoder adds to each data block, are called redunda nt or coincidence bits. Redundant or space-reflection symmetry bits carry no information. such(prenominal) a code is referred to as an (n, k) code. 5 The encoding result is the codeword.Any writer matrix of an (n, k) code can be reduced by row operations and column permutations to the systematic form. 6 We call a systematic code the code where the first k digits (information or message bits) of the code word are exactly the same as the message bits block and the go away n-k digits are the parity bits as it shown below.Message Information bitsRedundant or parity bitskn-kn digit codewordFigure 3 (n, k systematic block code)Encoding and Decoding of Linear Block CodesThe informant matrix is a matrix of basis vectors. The generator matrix G for an (n, k) block code can be used to generate the trance n-digit codeword from any given k-digit data sequence. The H and corresponding G matrices for the current assignment block code (6, 3) are shown below H is the parity block matrix G is the generator matrixThe first threesome columns are the data bits and the rest three columns are the parity bits. magisterial code manner of speaking are sometimes written so that the message bits occupy the leave hand helping of the codeword and the parity bits occupy the salutary hand portion. This reordering has no effect on the error detecting or error correction properties of the code.4 Study of G shows that on the left of the dotted partition there is a 33 unit slice matrix and on the right of the partition there is a parity check section. This part of G is the transpose of the left hand portion of H. As this code has a whizz error correcting capability thusly dmin, and the lading of the codeword must be 3. As the identity matrix has a genius one in each row then the parity check section must contain at least two ones. In addition to this constraint, rows cannot be identical. 7 The parity check bits are selected so they are independent of each other.The Hamming outdo between two code words is defined as the chassis of bits in which they differ. The weight of a binary codeword is defined as the number of ones which it contains (the number of the nonzero elements-bits).The codeword is given by the multiplication of data bits and the generator matrix. The operations of modulo-2 multiplication (AND) and modulo-2 addition (EXOR) are used for the binary field. EXOR addition AND multiplicationThe parity check equations are shown belowIf the components of the output transmission satisfy these equationsthen the received codeword is valid.These equations can be written in a matrix formwhere c is the codeword.The syndromeLet c be a code vector which was transmitted over a noisy channel. At the receiver we might obtain a corrupted vector r. Decoder must acquire c from r. The decoder computes,S=Hrwhere S is called the syndrome and r is the received vector (arranged as a column vector) then if,then r is not a code word. The syndrome is the result of a parity check performed on r to determine whether r is a valid fraction of the codeword set. If r is a member the syndrome S has a value 0. If r contains detectable errors, the syndrome has some nonzero value. The decoder will take actions to locate the errors and correct them in the case of FEC.No column of H can be all zeros, or else an error in the corresponding codeword position would not affect the syndrome and would be undetectable. in all columns of H must be unique. If two columns of H were identical, errors in these two corresponding codeword positions would be indistinguishable. 4Hamming code can correct a single bit error and detect two bit errors assuming no correction is attempted.Answers to assignment questions labor movement 1Design the encoder for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec using the interleaved P1P2D1P3D2D3 format. You can implement your parity generation using XOR portals. Simulate your lap to check for correct operation.Answer 1An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bitstream) or data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to another. This is usually done by means of a programmed algorithm, especially if any part is digital, while closely analog encoding is done with analog travelry. 3 Encoder creates the codeword in a conspiracy of information and parity bits.Interleaving is a way to arrange data in a non-contiguous way in order to increase performance and revoke burst errors. In our case we use interleaved to protect the data bits from nonstop error.Figure 4 Encoder design for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codecSince the encoder is for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec, that means there are 3 information bits and 3 parity bits. Thus, 8 code words are generated from the encoder 2k where k are information b its 23=8.The H and G matrix are shown below for a (6, 3) Hamming code exclusively possible code wordsMessage x G =Codeword lean000 x G0000000001 x G0010113010 x G0101013100 x G1001103011 x G0111104101 x G1011014110 x G1100114111 x G1110003Table 1 All possible code wordsThe minimum distance is dmin=3Figure 5 Encoder simulationChecking if c=(D1D2D3P1P2P3) is a codewordThe EXOR gate () is a logic gate that gives an output of 1 when only one of its inputs is 1.X1 (Input)X2 (Input)Y1 (Output)000011101110Table 2 Truth table of EXOR admission c is a valid codeword.Task 2Design the decoder for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting coded using the interleaved P1P2D1P3D2D3 format. You can use a 3-to-8 line decoder for syndrome decoding and XOR gates for the controlled inversion. Simulate your circuit to check for correct operation.Answer 2A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode. 3Decoder tries to reveal the correct data word from the codeword. Thus means that here is the process where spotting and correction of codeword take place.Figure 6 Decoder design for a (6.3) Hamming single error correcting codecDecode the received codewordFigure 7 Decoder simulationr is the received word 111000 r is code wordTask 3Join your encoder to decoder and add an XOR gate with an input in each bit transmission line to admit you to introduce errors into the transmission. Simulate your circuit and check that it can cope with the sextuplet single errors as expected.Answer 3Figure 8 Codec desingFigure 9 Six single errorsAs it shown from the above figure the codec can cope with the six single errors. This is possible becauseMessage x G =EncoderCodewordWeight000 x G0000000001 x G0010113010 x G0101013100 x G1001103011 x G0111104101 x G1011014110 x G1100114111 x G1110003Table 3 All possible code words and their ha mming weightThe minimum distance of a linear block code is defined as the smallest Hamming distance between any pair of code words in the code.5The minimum distance is dmin=3.The error correcting capability t of a code is defined as the maximum number of guaranteed correctable errors per codeword.where t is the error correcting capabilityFor dmin=3 we can see that all t=1 bit error patterns are correctable.In general, a t-error correcting (n, k) linear code is capable of correcting a total of 2n-k error patterns.4Task 4By experimenting with your implemented codec, examine the effect, in terms of additional errors, of (i) all 15 double errors, (ii) all 20 triple errors, (iii) all 15 quaternary errors, (iv) all 6 quintuple errors, (v) the single sextuple error. Note. You only involve consider one of the 8 possible input data words. wherefore?Answer 4(i)Figure 10 15 double errors(ii)Figure 11 20 triple errors(iii)Figure 12 15 tetrad errors(iv)Figure 13 6 quintuple errors(v)Figu re 14 The single sextuple errorSince the error correcting capability is t1, our codec cant detect or correct more than 1 error. Thus, the above results.Task 5Calculate the post codec probability of a code being in error, A(n), for each of the five categories examined in Task 4. Then calculate the general number of errors per 6 bit word, Eav, given by the following toughie based on the binomial distributionas function of the channel bit error probability p. Plot the decoded error probability as function of p. Over what range of p do you conclude that this codec is utilitarian and why?Answer 5A(n)=1-(number of correct errors/number of total errors)A(n) is going to be always 1 except the case where the codec detects and corrects 1 single error then A(n)=1Using matlab for the plotp=00.011Eav=15*p.2.*(1-p).4+20*p.3.*(1-p).3+15*p.4.*(1-p).2+6*p.5.*(1-p).1+p.6.*(1-p).0pd=Eav/6plot(p,pd)xlabel(Bit error probability (p))ylabel(Decoder error probability Pd(p))grid onFigure 15 Plot of dec oder error probability (pd) as function of pConclusionsParity bits must be added for the error espial and correction.Hamming distance is the criterion for error detection and correction.Error detection can be done with addition of one parity bit but error correction needs more parity bits (Hamming code).Hamming code can detect 2 bit errors assuming no correction is attempted.Hamming code can correct only a single bit error.The ability to correct single bit errors comes at a cost which is less than sending the entire message twice. displace a message twice is not accomplish an error correction.

Mid Day Meal Scheme in Maharashtra

middledledle twenty-four hour period repast arrangement in MaharashtraABSTRACTThis paper represents the overview of case Program of dietal retain to primary genteelness known as mid(prenominal) Day repast intention in Maharashtra. The mal livelihood was widespread in India and other developing countries. The down the stairs nutrition and over nutrition may driving referable to sundry(a) reasons. The heterogeneous causes of malnutrition and its effects stick explained previously in this paper. The paper primarily focuses on the background and implementation of middle Day meal Scheme, impacts or benefits or achievements of the purpose atomic number 18 discussed. The Mid Day Meal Scheme has initiated and employed in practice and score achieved the defined objectives such as ameliorated the cultivate exercise, attendance of children in schooltime and decrease the malnutrition problems to many extent. During the last 8-9 years the different activities condu ct been carried out chthonian this political program throughout India. The progress of the program or turning away achieved at individually year gradually by considering and solving the various problems relating to implementation of fascinate.Keywords Mid Day Meal Scheme, malnutrition, nutritional deficiency, impact.INTRODUCTIONThe school execution of the children is indirectly affected by nutrition experimental condition. The chthonicnourished children cannot concent come out on their studies and thusly it holds the education process. The child with empty stomach deviate his concent proportionalityn or attention to food for thought instead of learning. So the Mid Day Meal Scheme has implemented to overwhelm the hunger to improve nutrition situation of children as well as their learning process by crack sufficient nutritious food during school mean solar solar daytimes. In India the problems like malnutrition, under nutrition increasing unacceptably high though India has made grand development in science, medicine and technology with economic produce and though it is second fastest growing country in the world.The malnutrition is a 2-dimensional complex issue and affected due to poverty, insufficient food consumption, inadequate food distribution, gender inequality, poor env bidmental and sanitary facilities, lack of education and social services. Thus to mitigate the malnutrition problems the different turning aways have implemented for the bodily development of children, their nutrition view and socio- economic development. The different causes of malnutrition and its consequences may be canvass in different perspectives. The Mid Day Meal scheme is implemented and used in practice to overcome the hunger of school children, widespread poverty, reduce social and gender inequity.STUDY REGIONThe issue area, Maharashtra is single of the agriculturally, economically developed state of India. It is the foci of economic, administrative and so cial activities of the southeast horse opera part of India. The state is located in south western part of India between 15 45 to 22 00 The North Latitudes and at 72 45to 8 45 East longitudes having 3, 07,713 sq km. area. The state is shared into 36 Districts also sub divided in to 6 Division. The geographic area of Maharashtra state is 308 Lakh hectares and its cultivable area is 225 Lakh hectares. market-gardening is the primary(prenominal)stay of the state of Maharashtra. It is the main occupation of the people. The major crops are Wheat, Millet, gamboge and rice in Maharashtra.According to census of India, 2011 total world is 112,372,972 of which manful and female are 58,361,397 and 54,011,575 respectively. The appendage rate of Maharashtra is 9.29%. The density of Maharashtra is 365 for 1km2. The sex ratio is 946.The literacy rate in Maharashtra has seen upward trend and is 82.91 percent as per 2011 population census. Of that, male literacy stands at 89.82 percent while female literacy is at 75.48 percent.CAUSES OF MALNUTRITIONThe Malnutrition causes may be multidimensional. Most of the literatures on nutrition indicate the problems of malnutrition in people, children caused due to poor quality, insufficient intake of food, disease, wellness problems, undue illness and so on The millions of persons, both children and adult suffer from under nutrition due to unfitness to get sufficient well quality of food because of poverty in most of the developing countries.The price and demand of the food fluctuates periodically ( infinitely) base on availability and seasons. Due to seasonal fluctuations the food production rate may breakdown. So the food distribution may get half-baked and the flow of income cuts down. This increases the risk of widespread famine. The famine occurred during 1974 in, China, Ethiopian and Nigeria virtually 30 million people were died due to famine in china.The cause of malnutrition is ignorance towards excessive diseases, illness, lack of fellowship, illiteracy, education about science, and nutrition is identified as one of the major cause of malnutrition. The inequality gender problems, inequality Socio- economical status are the causes of malnutrition due to unbalanced and unequal food distribution. The lack of knowledge about proper child care, disease management causes the malnutrition in children up to age of 0 to 6.Thus the cause of malnutrition is multidimensional based on social, economical, regional, physical, seasonal, political dimensions.IMPACTS OF MALNUTRITIONThe most of the developing countries badly suffers from malnutrition problems in adult as well as in children. The effects of malnutrition destroy the economic growth of country ultimately. The insufficient, poor quality of food minimizes the consumption of various nutrition elements so that the nutrition deficiency problems arise in developing countries. The iron deficiency causes the mental retardation, anemia which reduces the s chool performance of the children.The deficiency of tincture of iodine causes the cretinism in majority of people. The trim level of vitamin A in children suffers from centerfield and skin problems. The low weight or high weight causes under nutrition or over nutrition due to mineral and protein, muscle inadequacy. Thus consistently deficiency of above nutrition may cause excessive diseases and illness in children and increases the inability to improve the school performance. These are the physical problems caused due to malnutrition. The malnutrition affects on the children learning and concentration cogency so it decreases the attendance and enrollment in school and decreases the steady school performance Such malnourished children are quick and frequent affects by several(prenominal) infections.Thus due to poverty the people unable to spent to overcome the disease and illness due to malnutrition leads to breakdown of economic growth of people, auberge and ultimately country . The children are the future citizen of our country so the malnutrition problems should be minimized at school age children level through nutrition and health education.BACKGROUND AND PROVISIONS OF MID sidereal day MEAL final causeThe Mid day Meal Scheme is initiated on 15 th terrible 1995 as a National Program of Nutritional support to basal education. The Main aim of this scheme is to increase the attendance of children in school and improve their Physical and health, nutritional level by offering sufficient, good quality and nutritionally adequate meal per school working day. It was initiated in only 2408 blocks and in 2004. It has been revised most of the time and currently operational in all blocks of country to cover the children below age of 14 years. i.e. children in scorees 1 to 5. Under this scheme various revised activities have been conducted throughout the country per year. And the implementation progress and problems of this scheme have been analyzed at National level with more vigor and enthusiasm.In 2004, the scheme was revised to supply cooked mid day meal for children in class I-V with.300 calories and 8-12 gm. of protein per day. In addition food grains should be provided per month to the children. In 2007, the scheme has revised and start to provide mid day meal for the children in class VI to VIII.The food nutrition norm should be tending(p) to the students by mid day meal scheme program as followsThis information was inclined by the Union Human mental imagery ontogeny Minister, Smt. Smriti Irani in a written reply to the Rajya Sabha question (2014)The various cooked food should be provided derived from rice such as Idali Sambhar, Dal rice Khichdi, Rice Kheer, Vegetable Rice, etc. as mid day meal suggested by School Education department. Also biscuits, eggs or bananas should be given to the students once in a weak. The weakly mid day meal timetable should be prepared by school and followed regularly.The food quality see and re gular monitoring of Mid Day Meal Scheme should be done effectively and Maharashtra has well established system for it.4.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE MID DAY MEAL SCHEMEThe provision of adequate nutritional meal shrive of cost to the school children on school working days is the main objective of the Mid Day Meal Scheme. The scheme was implemented with future(a) objectives-To mitigate hunger by providing hot cooked meal to the children in schools.To improve nutritional level of childrenTo promote poor children to increase the attendance in school, to help them to improve concentration in classroom, to increase retention and idle enrollment.To maintain social equality among the children.IMPACTS OF MID DAY MEAL SCHEMEThe mitigation of hunger at school children is one of the important objectives of Mid Day Meal Scheme. The hunger was eliminated by providing the mi day meal to every student during school days so that the attendance of children in school, retention rate and fresh enrollment has increased in Maharashtra as compared to other states in India except Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The fresh enrollment number has continuously increased. The response of teachers in Maharashtra shows that the fresh enrollment has increased due to mid day meal about 75%. In Maharashtra near about 50% of sample schools have increased the student attendance in school and increased the awareness towards school and education. The rates also have been increased in Maharashtra about 66%.The mid day meal scheme has also decreased the malnutrition problems, starvation and hunger. This has increased the health status of children, increased physical level so increased the learning capability and concentration of children in school.Due to mid day meal scheme the problems of socio-economic inequity, gender inequity has decreased to some extent. Thus various researchers and organizations have conducted case studies and have reported the performance and impact of mid day meal scheme. The studies show s that the mid day meal scheme as National Program resulted in an increase in fresh enrollments, regular attendance of children in class and their learning capability with social and gender equity.SUGGESTIONSThe ponder has identified some scope for improvement of impact of mid day meal scheme and children health improvements. The schemes should be employed for employment for expression of kitchen sheds, safe drinking water provision, good and sufficient sanitary requirements, regular health checkup facilities, regular monitoring of schemes, regular reporting of scheme, update the various provisions of schemes, guidelines and education regarding science, nutrition and health should be coherent regularly by giving medication of India. For such various schemes funds from various committee and government should be electronically transfer in beak of implementation authority so that the total fund should be gettable and used for scheme itself.CONCLUSIONThis paper has provided an ove rview of National Program- Mid Day Meal Scheme of Maharashtra. The various causes and effects of malnutrition have explained. The mid day meal scheme is employing in practice regularly in Maharashtra. The mid day meal scheme has achieved the basic objectives like increased the children performance in school, attendance, retention and increased learning capability in students. The problems of malnutrition reduced to some extent. The mid day meal scheme and similar government scheme should be started and employed regularly to improve the physical growth of children and economic and social growth of country.REFERENCESAnima Rani Si, Naresh Kumar Sharma (2008), An Empirical Study of the Mid-Day Meal Programme in Khurda, Orissa, scotch and Political weekly, pp. 46-55.Annual Report (2013-14), Department of School Education Literacy Department of Higher Education Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India.Economic Survey of Maharashtra (2013-2014), Directorate of economics and statistics, think department, government of Maharashtra, Mumbai.Jean Dreze, Aparajita Goyal (2003), Future of Mid-Day Meal Scheme, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. no-44, pp-4673-83.K. Vijayaraghavan (2002) stem of School Meals Programmes in Different States, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad.R.A. Bello, G.T. Ijaiya (1998) Socio -Economic causes of malnutrition and its impact on learning capability and productivity of school-age children, IJEM, vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 120-126.Reetika Khera (2013), Mid-Day Meals Looking Ahead, Economic Political Weekly vol. no. 32, pp. 12-14. EPWSustainable nutrition security in India A Leadership agenda for action, the coalition for Sustainable Nutrition Security in India, May 2010.

Descartes’ Special Causal Principle Essays -- Philosophy essays

Descartes Special Causal Principle In his Meditations, Rene Descartes attempts to uncover certain truths about domain. In his ordinal Meditation, he establishes his excess causal prescript (SCP). Descartes uses this principle to explore the origin of ideas, and to prove the existence of divinity. I agree that at that place is a great deal system of logic to be found in the SCP, but I disagree with Descartes method of proving Gods existence, and in this rise I pass on justify why. I will begin by explaining the SCP, and will then butt against how Descartes applies this principle to prove that God exists. I will then show my critique of the SCP, and expose the flaws in some(prenominal) of Descartes proofs with regards to the principle. A conclusion will then follow. In Descartes Second Meditation, he established that because he is a thinking being, he exists. In the Third Meditation, Descartes attempts to build upon this foundation by questioning whether or not anyth ing exists outback(a) of him. In order to do so, he must distinguish amidst those of his thoughts that add up from outside, and those which only see to. The method Descartes uses for this differentiation is the special causal principle (SCP). At its core, the SCP is a basic cause and put together argument. Descartes begins his rationale for the SCP as follows Now it is apparent(a) by the natural light that thither must be at least as much truthfulness in the efficient and replete(p) cause as in the effect of that cause.1 There are 2 major outcomes of this logic. Firstly, that something cannot come from nothing, and secondly that what contains more than reality (or is more perfect) cannot come from something that contains less reality (or is less perfect). To bedeck this argu... ...clusion, there is undeniable logic in the SCP. Once the SCP is explained to be founded on the ability to recognize obvious truths, it becomes a reliable principle finished which to explore the existence of God. merely the SCP becomes unclear and less distinct when dealings with metaphysical objects such as ideas. By extending the SCP to ideas, Descartes ventures too far away(p) from his notions of clarity and distinctness. Had Descartes chosen not to limit himself to his own thoughts as the mend vehicles for exploring whether or not God exists, he would likely have met with much more success. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cottingham, John ed. Meditations on First ism. Cambridge University Press. Great Britain 1997 Notes 1 carve up 41 2 ib. 3 Ibid. 4 split up 43 5 split up 45 6 Paragraph 42 7 Paragraph 51 Descartes Special Causal Principle Essays -- Philosophy essaysDescartes Special Causal Principle In his Meditations, Rene Descartes attempts to uncover certain truths about existence. In his Third Meditation, he establishes his special causal principle (SCP). Descartes uses this principle to explore the origin of ideas, and to prove the existence of God. I agree that there is much logic to be found in the SCP, but I disagree with Descartes method of proving Gods existence, and in this essay I will explain why. I will begin by explaining the SCP, and will then demonstrate how Descartes applies this principle to prove that God exists. I will then present my critique of the SCP, and expose the flaws in both of Descartes proofs with regards to the principle. A conclusion will then follow. In Descartes Second Meditation, he established that because he is a thinking being, he exists. In the Third Meditation, Descartes attempts to build upon this foundation by questioning whether or not anything exists outside of him. In order to do so, he must distinguish between those of his thoughts that come from outside, and those which only seem to. The method Descartes uses for this differentiation is the special causal principle (SCP). At its core, the SCP is a basic cause and effect argument. Descartes begins his rationale for the SCP as follows Now it is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause.1 There are two major outcomes of this logic. Firstly, that something cannot come from nothing, and secondly that what contains more reality (or is more perfect) cannot come from something that contains less reality (or is less perfect). To illustrate this argu... ...clusion, there is undeniable logic in the SCP. Once the SCP is explained to be founded on the ability to recognize self-evident truths, it becomes a reliable principle through which to explore the existence of God. But the SCP becomes unclear and less distinct when dealing with metaphysical objects such as ideas. By extending the SCP to ideas, Descartes ventures too far away from his notions of clarity and distinctness. Had Descartes chosen not to limit himself to his own thoughts as the sole vehicles for exploring whether or not God exists, he would likely have met with much more success. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cottingham, John ed. Meditations on First Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. Great Britain 1997 Notes 1 Paragraph 41 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Paragraph 43 5 Paragraph 45 6 Paragraph 42 7 Paragraph 51

cab calloway :: essays research papers

hack Calloway was an influential singer and actor in the 1930s. Born in Rochester, NY, on December 25, 1907, he started from rock substructure and worked his way up, until he was discovered and on top. To get to the top, Cab was a part of many different scenes and had much help from family and friends.      fit to Dan Gediman, Cab was the "Hi De Ho" man, a legendary showman, gifted singer, bandleader, actor, and fashion setter. He was a larger than life figure, who was immortalized in cartoons and caricatures, was also the leader of i of the greatest bands of the Swing Era (Dan Gediman, "Cab Calloway"). Scott Yanow sight Cab was " cardinal of the great entertainers," and Cabs name was a household one by 1932, and never really declined in fame (Scott Yanow, "Cab Calloways Biography").      Cab grew up in Baltimore, and attended law school there briefly, before hit allow school and set off to try and make it as a singer and dancer. As a young man Cab was following(a) his fathers footsteps in becoming a lawyer, going to law school and analyse law. Cab wanted to be an entertainer even though his family discouraged him. They thought that it would be more appropriate for him to become a lawyer exchangeable his dad. Although, at the period that he was going to law school, his sister, Blanche Calloway, was a familiar singer and was producing and tattle a few fine records before untalkative in the mid 1930s (Yanow). Well, his sister Blanche who was a prominent singer of the time convinced Cab to put more of an effort into his entertainment career. So while Cab was attending law school in Chicago, he also moonlighted at local nightclubs as a performer. While acting in Chicago he met the famous trumpeter and singer Louis Armstrong, who taught him to scat. According to the Schoumbrg Center for Research in black Culture scat singing in music is "a jazz vocal style utilize emotive, ono matopoeic, and nonsense syllables instead of words in solo improvisations on a melody". Scat has dim antecedents in the West African go for of assigning fixed syllables to percussion patterns, but the style was made favorite by trumpeter and singer Louis Armstrong from 1927 on. The popular theory that scat singing began when a vocalist forgot the lyrics may be true, but this origin does not explain the persistence of the style.

Breast Implants Essay -- essays research papers

Breast ImplantsOne of the maiden procedures of silicone polymer in a health check implant came in the form oflifesaving tubes implanted into young children to funnel overmuchness fluid from thebrain into the chest cavity, where the fluid could be safely metabolized andexcreted. Since these "shunts" were first use, in the late 1950s, silicone invarious forms has come to be an important part of many implants. "It is used intracheotomy tubes, in artificial lenses for the eye, in artificial heart valvesand in facial implants for hold defects or re-constructive surgery aftercancer" (Ames 1).     The most widely used implementation of silicone is by agent of thorax re-constructive surgery through elective surgery of an individual, or re-constructive surgery to replace breasts delinquent to women recovering frommastectomies from breast cancer or miscellaneous types of accidents.     The early floor and use of implants showe d no ill effects of the useof paraffin or silicone. Because of this newly developed surgical process andrelatively little use of FDA guidelines there was no comprehensive testing doneto ensure the finish safety of a silicone recipient.     By this time the millions of women throughout the orbit who already hadDows silicone prosthesis implanted into their breasts had no idea of the melodramatic health risks. Because of these potential health risks, women shouldavoid the use of breast implants.          In 1976, Congress gave the FDA authority to regulate breastimplants. By this time breast implants had been in use for a          significant amount of time and were considered "grand gohered."This means that they were allowed to remain on the market, even though theyhave not at rest(p) through stringent testing. The FDA felt there was no evidence to avow that the implants were harmful. Furthermore Congress also gave theFDA the power to go back and pack manufactures to provide proof that theimplants were indeed safe and effective, if it was felt that there was a reasonto do so. (Bruning 7)     "In 1977, Richard Mithoff, a Houston attorney, wins the first lawsuitfor a Cleveland woman who claims that her ruptured impla... ...s      internal memos, thousands of these memos revea lead lack of long termtesting, complaints from doctors, and leakage of silicone from the implants.The most outrageous incident discovered was complaints from surgeons ofimplants rupturing in the operating room, as they tried to install them intowomens breasts (Byrne 98).Pathology reports indicate considerable silicone reaction to the extruded poppycock can cause severe foreign body reaction in susceptible individuals. Aletter written to Dow Corning from Charles A. Vinnick a predominant ornamentalsurgeon in California wrote " I am loa the to write my series of cases as Ifeel that it may open Pandoras box. I do feel, however, that rapiddissemination of this information is very necessary to cherish your comapny andmy colleagues" (Bryne 98). Vinnick complained to Dow about an incident when heremoved a pair of silicone implants, the gel in a ruptured implant was terriblyrunny go the gel inside the other implant was of ideal cohesion. Thisdifference led him and some others to believe that when silicone gel came intocontact with tissue fluids and fat the gels consistency changed.

American Airlines Flight 1420 Essay -- Essays Papers

American Airlines flight 1420American Airlines flight 1420 crashed in Little Rock, Arkansas. The crash killed 11 people, by and by running off the runway and impacting an approach lighting structure. The causes of the crash ar still being investigated but the likely causes include the plane paltry follow up 2000 feet passed the runway threshold, the rapidly deteriorating weather, and a fatigued flight crew. The American Airlines McDonnell Douglas MD-82 carrying 143 passengers attempted a landing in fierce winds just start of midnight on June 2, 1999. As the flight was en-route to Little Rock the Air relations Control (ATC) facility at the Little Rock Airport account to the pilots that a thunderstorm had moved into the area with strong wind gusts. disrespect these reports the flight crew decided to continue on. While the plane was on utmost, ATC informed the crew of rapidly deteriorating weather and two wind plume alerts. The co-pilot said that they had sight of the run way the entire time they were on final he said it was like a bowling alley final result (Lunsford 1) where they were able to see between the clouds. As the plane touched raze things started to go wrong. Immediately after touching down the plane started hydroplaning down the runway. The crew did not feel the typical deceleration forces that are ordinarily associated with the reverse thrusters that are used when landing. With the strong wind on the field of operation the plane started to yaw to the right due to a strong crosswind...

The Decline of Morals and Morality in America Essay -- Expository Exem

America is in a Moral declination The founders of America believed that a popular government and its laws necessarily ride outed upon an central good order that preceded both the state and man-made law. They referred to this transcendent deterrent example order in the Declaration of Independence as self unmixed truths and the laws of nature and of natures god (Barr pg. 211). For a republic to work, the founders thought, the people had to internally command by commonly shared good values. The founders viewed themselves as launching a great experiment Could a free people retain a moral culture that would promote the self-discipline and virtues needed to restrain putrescence? We are still, in many ways, the shining city on the hill for the rest of the world. What has sustained us over these two centuries has been our commitment to our great moral heritage (Barr pg. 212). Today though, this great experiment appears threatened. According to a recent poll, 73 percen t of Americans worry that the nation is experiencing a moral diminish (Baker). They have the right to be concerned. For the last thirty years, a moral crisis has been brewing. It is undeniable that since the 60s, there has been a steady assault on traditional values. Crime, broken homes, racial hatred, and problems related to sexual activity are on the rise (Schuller). Americas morals and culture are declining. As reported in The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators, since 1960, the population has increased 41 percent. The sodding(a) domestic product has nearly tripled and total social spending by all levels of government has risen from 142.73 billion to 787.00 billion. During the same thirty-year period, there has been a 560 percent inc... .... Bennett, William J., The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators, The Heritage Foundation, 1993. Ehrenreich, Barbara, Oh, Those Family Values, Time, July 18, 1994. Krauthammer, Charles, Down with Family Values, U.S. discussi on & World Report, October 17, 1994. Kristol, Irving, The Coming traditionalist Century, The Wall Street Journal, February 1, 1993. Murphey, Dwight D., Americas Civilizational Crisis The Rise of Internal Barbarism, Conservative Review, vol. 4, no. 5, September/October 1993. Schuller, Robert A. (1997) In Search of Morality, How You Can Live a Fulfilling Life from the Inside Out On-Line. Available http//www.fni.com/heritage/aug97/Bookshelf.html Thomas, Clarence, The Rights Revolution and Americas urban Poor, Vital Speeches of the Day, June 15, 1994.

Civilization vs. Savagery in Lord of the Flies Essay -- Literary Analy

The lord of the Flies is a story approximately a stranded root word of boys on a deserted island later their plane crashes. It is about an adventure at the start of a modernistic World War. The boys try to create a society by selecting a leader and doing everything they can to survive. It is all a game without adult surveillance until the island becomes a nightmare and their imaginations come to life. Everything becomes more realistic when the twins, Sam and Eric, rise the body of the dead parachutist hanging from a tree on the island. Then the boys declare that there is some type of beast on the island and they must kill it to stay alive. Soon the boys turn on apiece other and kill Simon because he is mistaken for the beast. Jack then, takes over the group of boys and hunts down Piggy and Ralph. Then Roger pushes a boulder off the slump and kills Piggy. The boys follow Ralph, which is the main character and the boys began to set the jungle on rouse in attempt to smoke Ralp h out. Ralph then discovers that he is back on the beach after collapsing from exhaustion. After looking up, he then finds a Naval officer standing over him. The officer saw the risky fire in the jungle from his ship at sea. Overwhelmingly Ralph explains what happened to the officer. He and the boys begin to cry because they realize that they are finally be reclaimed and are going home. Symbolism is shown throughout the story, by the little things the like the conch shell and Piggys glasses. The pigs head is a huge symbol, showing that the boys believe in a power of evil. In this book the main theme is civilization vs. savagery. The boys lose their civilized being and innocence ways as they become savages and kill Simon and Piggy. In The Lord of The Flies, Golding analyzes characters, ... ...Cathy Falk. Vol. 58. Detroit Gale Research, 1990. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Jan. 2012.Slayton, Paul. Teaching Rationale for William Goldings Lord of the Flies. Censored Books slender Viewpoints. Ed. Nicholas J. Karolides, Lee Burress, and John M. Kean. The Scarecrow Press, Inc, 1993. 351-357. Rpt. in Novels for Students. Ed. Diane Telgen. Vol. 2. Detroit Gale, 1998. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Jan. 2012.SparkNotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb 2012. 98. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Jan. 2012.Townsend, R. C. Lord of the Flies Fools Gold. The Journal of General Education. Vol. 16. University Park, Pa. The Pennsylvania introduce University Press, 1964. 153-160. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz and Cathy Falk. Vol. 58. Detroit Gale Research, 1990. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Jan. 2012.

Understanding Multiple Sclerosis :: Health Medicine

Understanding triple in time Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis There are some(prenominal) diagnostic tests used to detect Multiple Sclerosis (referred to as MS). An magnetic resonance imaging (multilple resonance imaging) can confirm a diagnosis by presentation lesions and sites of inflammation in the brain. Although the presence of lesions is common in Multiple Sclerosis sufferers, the absence of lesions is not a sign that the disease is not active. An pneumoencephalogram (EEG) can isolate changes in brain waves when introduced to audio or ocular stimuli. The Evoked Potential test measures the speed up with which organisation impulses travel. Demyelination significantly reduces the speed of nerve signal transmission and can be detected with this test. lumbar punctures and spinal anaesthesia taps are also used to test spinal fluids for the presence of certain immuno-proteins present in Multiple Sclerosis sufferers.Facts round Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the important skittish system and is believed to be immune mediated. This debilitating disorder affects at least 350,000 people in the United States. The disease occurs in juvenility adults with the mean age of onset of 30 years. Women make up 70% of the MS population. This gender preference remains unexplained. Clinical Features The symptoms of MS whitethorn be mild or severe, of short or long duration and may appear in various combinations, depending on the area of the nervous system affected. Complete or partial remission of symptoms, especially in the early stages of the disease occurs in approximately 70% of MS patients. The initial symptoms of MS are often blurred or double vision, red-green tinct distortion, or even blindness in one eye. However, visual problems extend to clear up in the later stages of MS. Inflammatory problems of the optic nerve may be diagnosed as retrobulbar or optic neuritis. MS patients le ave behind have an attack of optic neuritis at some time or other and it will be the first symptom of MS in approximately 15 percent. This has led to general recognition of optic neuritis as an early sign of MS, especially if test also reveals abnormalities in the patients spinal fluid. Most MS patients experience muscle weakness in their extremities and encumbrance with coordination and balance at some time during the course of the disease.

Parental Advisory :: Music Lyrics Essays

P arntal AdvisoryOn sale instanter in a music store near you The following argon excerpts of songs from well known American artists that can be purchased. While individually of these albums all have a enatic advisory label, they in event can be purchased by any consumer of any age. Lets hear what they have to sayOne of you tries to grab a prod /And during the struggle he accidentally lives his Adams apple sliced /(No) /And while this is goin on /His son just woke up and he just walks in /She panics and he gets his throat cut /(Oh my God) /So now they both at rest(predicate) and you slash your own throat /So now its double homicide and self-destruction with no note Now shut the fuck up and get whats comin to you/NOW BLEED BITCH BLEED (Eminem)Youre such an inspiration for the ship canal/That Ill never ever choose to be/Oh so many ways for me to show you/How the savior has abandoned you/Fuck your God/Your Lord and your messiah( A Perfect Circle)stag 2The idea of putting a ra ting system on a form of entertainment has been some for years. Rating systems were mainly developed to help parents make informed choices astir(predicate) the movies, TV programs, video games, and music their children are being exposed to. commonly based on the amount of violence, sex, nudity, strong language or do drugs use a viewer will see or hear. The effect Picture Association of America has set up a pull in rating system for movie goers, G- for general audience, all ages are admitted PG- parental guidance is suggested and some material may not be adequate for children PG-13-parents are strongly cautioned and some material may be irrelevant for children under 13 R-Restricted, under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian and NC-17- no one 17 and under admitted (Movie Ratings). Movies are no longer the only form of entertainment that has volunteered a structured rating system. In recent years the TV Parental Guidelines supervise Board, has created a rating s ystem to help with the increasing number of TV channels and programs coming into homes each day. TV-Y, is appropriate for all children TV-Y7, is designed for children 7 and above who can distinguish between make-believe and reality TV-Y7-FV, is Hart 3for older children and contains more fantasy violence that may be more intense TV-G, is for a general audience

Interview Essay - Mary Goddard -- Interview Essays

reference Essay - Mary GoddardMary Lallie Goddard was innate(p) on December 28, 1922, in youthful Mexico. She has 2 daughters and two grandchildren, iodine boy, adept girl. She enjoys exercising regularly and military volunteering her time with others.Lallie Goddard defines happiness as being content. She says that this definition has changed over time. With so many things been thrown at you by the course of your life, you learn to be content. I have my favorite things virtually me. My mother could take having things thrown at her, so I larn from her.When asked how she knows when she is happy, she said, I really save know when I am miserable. I look forward to acquiring up early and staying occupied, and I volunteer as a mentor.Because she doesnt akin to burden people, she go out go to the seaworthiness center and exercise when she feels unhappy. role is an important activity for Lallie and it contributes to her happiness. She usually goes to the fitness center at 7 00 am and enjoys interacting with the people there.Lallie said that it makes her unhappy when something is disturbing her children or grandchildren. She has two daughters and two grandchildren one boy and one girl. She says that other peoples attitudes dont affect her spirit of happiness, but they do affect her disposition.Lallies puerility truly influenced her sense of happiness. I had a wonderful childhood, she said. I was the scarcely child and I had work out freedom. I was able to roam the countryside of New Mexico on my horse, and I exclusively had to come home to eat. My dad was a lumberman and worked at the sawmill. It was unvoiced to keep a teacher in the sawmill, because they would leave half substance through the year. So my mom became my teacher from grades 3 throug... ...do not suppose the higher power is looking piling on me personally. I call back that you create your own heaven, or pitfall on earth, and that there is no afterlife.Lallies advice for achievin g happiness was this, Find something that you enjoy, some gentle of work. Money is not ineluctably the thing to pursue. You should aim for the things that you enjoy the most, and hopefully you will find your niche. A good example would be your prof Kathy Hodge - she really enjoys teachingAnd finally, when asked to total her philosophy on life, Lallie replied, Whatever you do in life do the best you can. The end result will be that you are happy. Do not be so self-critical or else youll drive yourself crazy.Lallie was a smorgasbord soul. Talking to her was like talking to a good friend. I enjoyed and concur with her outlook on life. I would be proud to be her friend. Interview Essay - Mary Goddard -- Interview EssaysInterview Essay - Mary GoddardMary Lallie Goddard was born on December 28, 1922, in New Mexico. She has two daughters and two grandchildren, one boy, one girl. She enjoys exercising regularly and volunteering her time with others.Lallie Goddard defin es happiness as being content. She says that this definition has changed over time. With so many things been thrown at you through the course of your life, you learn to be content. I have my favorite things around me. My mother could take having things thrown at her, so I learned from her.When asked how she knows when she is happy, she said, I really only know when I am unhappy. I look forward to getting up early and staying occupied, and I volunteer as a mentor.Because she doesnt like to burden people, she will go to the fitness center and exercise when she feels unhappy. Exercise is an important activity for Lallie and it contributes to her happiness. She usually goes to the fitness center at 700 am and enjoys interacting with the people there.Lallie said that it makes her unhappy when something is disturbing her children or grandchildren. She has two daughters and two grandchildren one boy and one girl. She says that other peoples attitudes dont affect her sense of happiness, but they do affect her disposition.Lallies childhood truly influenced her sense of happiness. I had a wonderful childhood, she said. I was the only child and I had complete freedom. I was able to roam the countryside of New Mexico on my horse, and I only had to come home to eat. My dad was a lumberman and worked at the sawmill. It was hard to keep a teacher in the sawmill, because they would leave half way through the year. So my mom became my teacher from grades 3 throug... ...do not think the higher power is looking down on me personally. I believe that you create your own heaven, or hell on earth, and that there is no afterlife.Lallies advice for achieving happiness was this, Find something that you enjoy, some kind of work. Money is not necessarily the thing to pursue. You should aim for the things that you enjoy the most, and hopefully you will find your niche. A good example would be your professor Kathy Hodge - she really enjoys teachingAnd finally, when asked to summarize her philosophy on life, Lallie replied, Whatever you do in life do the best you can. The end result will be that you are happy. Do not be so self-critical or else youll drive yourself crazy.Lallie was a kind soul. Talking to her was like talking to a good friend. I enjoyed and agreed with her outlook on life. I would be proud to be her friend.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point and A

Elizabeth Barrett Brownings The gala affair Slave at Pilgrims Point and A Castaway In the early victorian period, a number of poems were composed which served to highlight a specific troubled spot in society. The poets often wrote for human rights groups and the like in edict to convey a message to those members of society who could make a difference, namely, the ameliorate exsanguine men. Among these poems is Elizabeth Barrett Brownings The Runaway Slave at Pilgrims Point. This piece deals with a female slave who has killed her newborn son and fled to Pilgrims Point, where she speaks of her feelings leading up to the present moment. Another poem, which can be primed(p) in comparison to Brownings, is Augusta Websters A Castaway, a dramatic monologue of a prostitute who struggles to justify her lifestyle both to herself and to her reader. In apiece of these works, the female speaker has acted in a virtuously questionable manner that initially appears condemnable. However, the issue is not clearly specify many questions arise as to the motives behind and the circumstances surrounding from each one womans behavior. Do the choices made assert the freedom of each woman? That is to say, is the woman to be held entirely accountable for her actions found on the idea that she has freely chosen to carry them out? Upon c atomic number 18ful variation of the two poems in question, the answer becomes much clearer. The choices made by the outcast and the runaway slave are in reality not the unrestrained decisions they at first appear. Restricted on all sides by their individual societys powerful men, each woman faces very express mail options. In each of the poems, the idea of choice (and subsequently, the question of its validity) emerges in the areas of materna... ...both The Runaway Slave at Pilgrims Point and A Castaway, the women make choices based on only a few limited options, which can be seen in their approaches to maternity, God, and freedom. G enerally speaking, each woman is held accountable for her actions, but the issues get under ones skin actually stemmed from larger scale problems. Even the castaway, a white woman, has no real freedom in deciding how to live her life. She chooses prostitution out of a need to support herself while still maintaining individuality. As for the runaway slave, she has run away seeking freedom, but finds none and volition be killed for her insolence. Many of the factors leading to each womans decisions are based on the outside influences of her world. Therefore, neither woman can be entirely blamed for the bad choices she has made she could not choose kick downstairs because a better choice does not exist.

How important is Book 11 to the overall meaning of The Odyssey? Essay

How important is Book 11 to the over all meaning of The Odyssey?The overall entail custodyt of Book 11 to the epic is that it shows howthings change over time (Anticleias death, the suitors at his home),which can be missed if someone is not around. It also shows us thatthe Ancient Greeks believe in destiny and intervention from the gods.The sacrifices and prayers from Odysseus and the economic aid he pays toTeiresias about returning(a) to Ithaca show this. If he did not payattention to Teiresias he may have done something to displease thegods (such as cleanup position the Sun-gods cattle and sheep). This couldhave lead to intervention from the gods to prevent Odysseus and hismen from returning to their home. Book 11 also shows that theybelieved greatly in the afterlife, only irrelevant modern religions theybelieved that everyone went to the pits (Hell), with the exception ofthose souls who were left to wander the earth for all eternity. Theafterlife was always thought to be a lot darker and bleaker than mountain now seem to count on.It is Circe who tells Odysseus of the trip which he and his men musttake. He then has to tell all of his men. All of them are very agitated when they first find out that they must travel to the endsof the earth. They know it is qualifying to be a journey of many perils.This is why Homer describes the men as heart-broken telling us Theysat down where they were and wept and tore their hair. plainly theirlamentations achieved nothing. (Book 10, lines 566-568.) This showsthat they are greatly disheartened by the news, having thought thattheir next transit would take them back to their homeland. They knowthat there is nothing that they can do to avoid this risk filledjourney, which makes it an even more arduous a task for them.It is probable that the men were aware that their end was fastapproaching. all journey to Hades made by a living virulent is going tobe dangerous. It would only usually be made by the souls of the dea d,who would not need to sail, as Odysseus and his men did. This wouldhave most credibly made the men think that they would not complete theirtrip to Hades or would not return from it. At this point of the voyageI dont think that anyone, with the probable exception of Odysseus,expects to see Ithaca or their family again. It is more credibly thatknowing they are heading for Hades, t... ...tors and cheats whom this dark world brings forth in suchprofusion to spin their lying yarns which nobody can test. (Lines,364-366.) This too is a possibility, as Odysseus has no proof of whathe is precept, and that could be another(prenominal) reason he has offered to stayup to a year. Alcinous then asks Odysseus to continue, as he has theartistry of a bard. (Line 369.), asking more of his friends, theirexpedition to troy weight and their deaths, saying We have endless timeahead of us tonight, its too soon for us to go to our beds. (Lines373-374.) Odysseus agrees to continue the tale, but does imply he istired, saying that there is also time for sleep.I think that Homer sees humankind as chess pieces, which the gods ordestiny are playing with. From the prophecies made, and what we knowto happen after them, it seems that occurrences in the poem have beenpre-destined. I think in The Odyssey Homer sees humans asinsignificant overall. The have dinky influence over their lives thegods decide what will happen with them. The lives of mortals seem tobe a game for the gods, where they all want their character to win.Athene wants Odysseus to win, but Poseidon does not.

Copious Imagery within the Tragedy Othello :: Othello essays

Copious Imagery within the catastrophe Othello In the Bard of Avons tragic drama Othello there resides imaging of all types, sizes and shapes. Let us look at the playwrights offering in this area. In the essay Wit and Witchcraft an ascend to Othello Robert B. Heilman discusses the significance of imagination within this play Reiterative language is especially prone to acquire a continuity of its own and to become an individual part of the plot whose effect we can attempt to gauge. It may manufacture mood or atmosphere the pervasiveness of images of injury, pain, and torture in Othello has a actually strong impact that is not wholly determined by who uses the images. merely most of all the system of imagery introduces thoughts, ideas, themes elements of the meaning that is the authors final organization of all his materials. (333) The vulgar imagery of the ancient overlook the opening of the play. Francis Ferguson in Two Worldviews Echo Each Other describes the types o f imagery used by the antagonist when he slips his mask aside bandage awakening Brabantio Iago is letting loose the wicked passion inside him, as he does from time to time throughout the play, when he slips his mask aside. At such moments he always resorts to this imagery of money-bags, treachery, and animal lust and force out. So he expresses his own faithless, envious spirit, and, by the same token, his vision of the populous city of Venice Iagos world, as it has been called. . . .(132) Standing outside the senators radix late at night, Iago uses imagery within a lie to burn down the occupant Awake what, ho, Brabantio thieves thieves thieves / Look to your house, your daughter and your bags When the senator appears at the window, the ancient continues with unwashed imagery of animal lust Even now, now, very now, an old dismal ram / Is topping your white ewe, and youll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse youll have your nephews neigh to you youll have coursers for cousins and gennets for germans. Brabantio, judging from Iagos language, genuinely concludes that the latter is a profane wretch and a villain. When Iago returns to the Moor, he resorts to violence in his description of the senator, saying that nine or ten propagation / I had thought to have yerkd him here under the ribs.

romanticism Essays -- essays research papers

Romanticism and rationalism Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and r severallyed its height in the nineteenth century. The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century holds in its slide byics the ideals of the succession period, concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing." The Romantic era was 1 that focused on the commonality of humankind and, while using emotion and nature the poets and their kit and caboodle shed light on peoples universal natures. Romanticism as a movement declined in the late 19th century and early twentieth century with the growing dominance of Realism in the literature and the speedy advancement of science and technology. However, Romanticism was very impressionative on most individuals during its time. Rationalism or Realism was erected during the mid 19th century. Realism argon ideas that are brought up in philosophical thinking. The realistic movement of the late 19th century saw authors accurately depict life an d its problems. Realists attempted to demonstrate a comprehensive picture of modern life by presenting the sinless picture. They did not try to give hotshot view of life barely instead attempted to show the different classes, manners, and stratification of life. The Rationalist recognizes that they must(prenominal) master their own destiny, using their unique powers of reason and the scientific manner to solve problems. Such authors that represent these two eras are Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Wordsworth and Charles Darwin. Romantics believed that one needed to understand nature to understand oneself. In other words, except through nature could one discover who they are. Emerson shows this in his writing called " nature". In the exert "man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature." This depicts Emersons feelings toward nature view nature as you view yourself. If one views nature as caring and compassionate, one will also capture t hemselves as caring and compassionate. Similarly if you understand nature you will slam yourself better. As one gains wisdom from nature, one begins to realize that understanding is a gate way to the divine as well as to oneself. another(prenominal) writers also agreed with this notion of nature. In the essay "Walden" by Thoreau, Thoreau had left over(p) society to move into a shelter outside of his town. By support on only the necessities he lived his life as simple as he could, thus fin... ...eling of the lump of conditions in the center of the raft. The X take a leak of the composition draws your eye all around the composition. The eye starts at the top right with the Revolutionary image holding on to a man of cloth in the colors of the French Revolution and indeed is worn down the diagonal. Gricault then depicts the striving, the dying, and the dead as they overlap each other in a fierce struggle to survive. The eye is then drawn up and down the dark opposing d iagonal. This whole delineation is then placed on the mighty ocean to delineate the point that the raft is a metaphor for France being on a violent ocean of depravity. The Grande Odalisque also typifies Romanticism. Ingres, using example such as the Mannerist Parmaganinos Madonna with a long neck, takes the artistic license to elongate the figure of this Turkish harem girl. Influenced by the neo-classical revival Ingres draws upon the Greek technique of straightaway linear forms and depicts his model in an impossible position allow us the view of both her shoulders and her breast the figure is given an extra collar vertebrae in order to maintain this position. Ingres endows a feeling of sensuality into the figure instead of the pai

Using the Google Search Engine :: Computer Science

Using the Google Search Engine find two meshing web sites that provideinternet resources for the study of Australian Literature.-http//www.middlemiss.org/lit/lit.html-http//home.vicnet.net.au/ozlit/ii. Write a detailed summary in no more than 600 words of what genial ofinformation and services the sites provide. Give examples asnecessary.The first of the two sacksites that I looked at waswww.middlemiss.org/lit/lit.html, it is constructed by Perry Middlemisswho is a lover of books, and who wishes to pay character reference to thoseforgotten Australian writers on the Web. Middlemiss begins by naming70 Australian authors, and too provides golf links to those authors, andthose who do not have links to other sites a promise is made that theywill be provided in the future. By scarcely clicking on one of theauthors, for example Miles Franklin, you be led to a web page thatgives a truncated biography of the author, and similarly a contestation of her works,some of which besides have links that give a brief insight.The site also provides listings of the winners of literary prizes, andin particular The Miles Franklin Award, and The Australian/VogelAward. over again by clicking on these we are principal to a page that providesthe winners of these awards, and also those that were shortlisted. Apage that provides a short description on the authors and the booksthat are listed are available by clicking on the links.Another form of Australian Literature that is provided is poems.Middlemiss offers his favourite poet, Victor Daley on the site, andlists some of his poems, which are exclusively accessible. He also lists otherAustralian poets, all of which have kick upstairs links. By clicking on thepoets name we are lead to a site that offers a short biography of thepoet, for example Adam Lindsay Gordon, the site also offers a list ofhis poetry collections and biographies, some of which have furtherlinks that discuss that particular item. Links are also available to spacious texts of the poems that are listed. For example by clicking onThe Trenches by Frederic Manning we are lead to the full version ofthe poem.Also available are links to diverse Australian novels, which havebeen segregated under different topic headings, these let in fiction,drama, art, food, histories, and others.Ozlit (http//home.vicnet.net.au/ozlit/) offers more than 500 pagesof Australian Literary information, and more than 1100 entries intheir Books and Writers database, which is also fully attendable. Asearch engine is available that allows you to search the full Ozlitsite for information. There is also a links database available thatallows you to search for references on writers.