Advertising Cannot Make Worse Appear the Better but Worsn!

(Pop culture) The philsopher Geroge Santayana wrote ‘Advertising is the modern substitue for argument; its function is to make the worse appear the better. ’ I disagree with it. Advertising is a multi-billion-dollar-a-year industry and advertisements are found everywhere today-in newspapers, online, on billboards, in magazines and even in school newsletters. They appear on the back of recepits, on taxis and on buses, and in MTR stations. The purpose of advertisements is to promote the prodeucts or services they showcase.Then the advertisers will use different strategies and selling points such as slogans, work through suggestion and exaggeration to attract viewers. Therefore, advertising nowadays is quite a debatable topic because there are many pros and cons. However, it is really make the worse appear the better? No, it isn’t. Advertising has distorted customers view towards a product or service. For example, some beauty products are exaggerated through advertis ing when in fact they don’t really work.Some slimming products and services have the same problem too. The slimming models appear super fit when they are actually not in person. The advertising company may make use of the computer technologies to adjust the fatness that shown on the advertisements. Besides, this slimming products may even result some side effects such as thirsty, a rapid heartbeat, slower metabolism, poor spirit and easy to get sick. As a result, its function is not make the worse appear the better but in fact the advertised products or services may hurt you.Apart from this, advertising makes the better appear the better on the surface only but not inner. Many skin-care products like face mask and moisturizing cream advertising attract women to buy them. Although they may have a more beautiful appearance after using these products, they have litter inner beauty. For instance, a lady has a beautiful appearance like a fairy. However, she has a vicious heart and fired by her bosses in many times. Therefore, it is why we say that ‘do not judge a people by externals’ because this people are shallow and ugly.In this century, it is not all strange to see fashionable celebrities in advertisements presenting how cool and glamorous it is. Such brainwashing effect will certainly encourage teens to follow suit. Actually, the original idea of fashion is good because it encouages innovation and the youngers have more choices and becomes more charming. However, with the enormous quantity of advertisements of new products, the young are just fashion seekers.They will try every means to buy whatever new products advertised on television they think are in the fashion, such as new types of mobile phones, clothes of a new style,ect. , discarding with no hesitation the ones in service although these are not old and work perfectly. Moreover, they don’t care the prices at all and sqandering like a billionarie. Then they may overburden with debts when they have credit abuse. In conclusion, it seems that advertising cannot make worse appear the better but worsn!

Stoichiometry Questions and Answers

Concordant titer values would allow for precise results. Repeat the experiment with fresh/new equipment so identify whether there are any inherent faults in the equipment. D) Water, to ensure all of the Noah is sitting at the bottom of the conical flask. Water itself does not affect the number of moles of acetic acid in the flask, which is what reacts with the acetic acid in the vinegar. 4. A) Burette b) – rinsed with distilled water first to remove any impurities. Passed water through the tap as well. – then rinsed with solution to be transferred I. E. Acetic acid solution.Again, rinsed through the tap as well. – filled up the burette (with a funnel at the top) to the appropriate volume. Measured the volume at which the bottom of the meniscus was and recorded this as the initial value. C) Concordant titer values are 22. 30 and 22. 40 ml Average titer d) Mann_ + 0. 0750 M = 22. 35 ml UH+ fee+ Mrs.+ +UH 25. 0 ml = 0. 0250 L V = 22. 35 ml = 0. 02235 L Inman- = C. V = 0. 0750 x 0. 0250 = 0. 00188 mol Neff+,t-lemon- = 5/1 5 x nerving- = 5 x 0. 00188 mol = 0. 00938 mol 0. 00938/0. 02235 = 0. 419 M (3 SF) 5. NO + UH -+ NH (a) ann. M = 1. 0 / 28. 02 = 0. 036 mol (2 s. ) CUFF+ NH M = 1. 0 / 2. 016 = 0. 50 mol ann. : NH mixed = 1 : 14 = 0. 036 : 0. 50 Given reacting ann. : NH NO is the limiting reagent H2O is the excess reactant (b) Using ann. = 0. 036 mol ann. / ann.=2/1 ann. = 2/1 x ann. = 2 x 0. 036 = 0. 071 mol Therefore, ranch = 0. 071 x 17. 034 = 1. 2 gees. F. ) 6. 4 AAA + 302 (a) anal = m/ M = 20. 0 / 26. 98 = 0. 741 mol (3 s. F. ) 2 AWAY non = 20. 0 / 32. 00 = 0. 625 mol = 0. 741 : 0. 625 = 1. 2 : 1 = 3. 6 : 3 Given reacting anal : non =4:3 AAA is the limiting reagent 02 is the excess reactant (b) Using anal = 0. 741 mol Manama / anal = 2/4 Manama = 2/Exxon 0. X 0. 741 = 0. 371 mol Manama = n x M = 0. 071 x . 96 = 37. 8 g (3 s. F. ) 7. 2 AAA + CUSCUS = 8. 09 / 26. 98 = 0. 300 mol (3 s. F. ) incurs = c. V = 2. 00 x 0. 0750 = 0. 150 mol anal : incurs mixed = 0. 300 : 0. 150 Given reacting anal : incurs Cuscus is the limiting reagent AAA is the excess reactant = 0. 300-0. 100 3 cue Determine the number of moles of AAA reacted by using mole ratios I. E. anal anal = 2/xx incurs = 2/3 x 0. 150 = 0. 100 mol Therefore anal (excess) : incurs = 0. 200 mol (b) using incurs UNC / incurs = 3/3 UNC = incurs Mac = n x M = 0. 150X63. 55 = 9. 53 g (2 s. F. )

Introduction to Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Introduction to Business - Essay Example Moreover, a diverse work force gives the employees an opportunity to focus on their jobs or responsibilities without having to worry about being targeted for discrimination. In conclusion, it also attracts other people from the same gender and race to the organization thereby attracting customers and new talents. Best Buy’s trip to Memphis encourages racial diversity since it reminds the managers about the Civil rights Movement. In addition, this trip gives them the first-hand look on the struggles that African Americans went through as a result, of race discrimination. Moreover, it gives them an insight on the achievements of the individuals that led the Civil rights Movement gained. Therefore, this helps the managers to gain a deeper understanding on how important it is to include other races in their workforce, and to avoid racial discrimination. Besides, they learn the benefits of being tolerant with people from diverse racial backgrounds. In addition, the trip enables managers to take the message of importance of racial diversity back to the other employees. Thus, this trip makes the message of racial diversity more meaningful to the whole workforce. After the trip, it is probable that employees and managers will be more educated on the issue of racial diversity and therefore mot ivating them to work together. Best Buy is a large retail company, it has many branches nationwide and it is viewed as a national retail company. This means that it deals with a diverse base of customers, from various racial backgrounds. In addition, this makes it vital for this company to have a diverse workforce that meets diverse needs of their customers. Therefore, customers are able to relate better with a workforce that belongs to the same race as they do. Moreover, the workforce is able to understand the needs of their wide base of customers since they understand various races and their traditions. Racial diversity also attracts customers since they appreciate

BUSINESS STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BUSINESS STRATEGY - Essay Example Buyers – the buyer power is high as there are several competitors that have entered the segment. Threat of new entrants – is low because of the high capital involvement in research and development. Substitutes – as people have become health conscious, and have increased knowledge of nutrition, they would not opt for something that is low cost. Competitive rivalry - They are better positioned than the competitors to understand the trends in the world; the only company with big nutrition business and a big food business. This suggests that Nestle enjoys a comfortable position in the industry because of its high bargaining power with the suppliers, and low threats from competitors due to its investment in technology and innovation. The consumers too are less likely to migrate because of lack of availability of substitutes. The industry is attractive as most forces are weak. 3. Value chain Any person, process, product or brand that adds value to a product or service constitutes a value chain (Mascarenhas, Kesavan & Bemacchi, 2004). Adding value is the strategic means to adding value and achieving competitive advantage. The value chain model helps to analyze each individual activity and assess its contribution. In-bound logistics - they produce locally, use less packaging and produce the unit size to local needs. Operations –They use state-of-the-art machines and innovative design for their products and packaging. Roasting and grinding is also based on expert technology; overall sustainable practices. Out-bound logistics – they can reach the products to the consumers quickly in multiple forms. Where necessary they replace the tradition models of delivery through local carts or even use local kiosks for display. They also have distribution... Nestle enjoys a comfortable position in the industry because of its high bargaining power with the suppliers, and low threats from competitors due to its investment in technology and innovation. The consumers too are less likely to migrate because of lack of availability of substitutes. The industry is attractive as most forces are weak. Any person, process, product or brand that adds value to a product or service constitutes a value chain (Mascarenhas, Kesavan & Bemacchi, 2004). Adding value is the strategic means to adding value and achieving competitive advantage. The value chain model helps to analyze each individual activity and assess its contribution. Inbound logistics - they produce locally, use less packaging and produce the unit size to local needs. Operations –They use state-of-the-art machines and innovative design for their products and packaging. Roasting and grinding is also based on expert technology; overall sustainable practices. Outbound logistics – they can reach the products to the consumers quickly in multiple forms. Where necessary they replace the tradition models of delivery through local carts or even use local kiosks for display. They also have distribution channels in department stores or standalone exclusive boutiques. Marketing and sales – they do not go for volumes in sales but value or quality. Service - They offer service 24x7 and delivery takes place within 48 hours. The value chain demonstrates that Nestle attempts to maximize value in each element of the chain – be it in people, product or process.

Atrial fibrillation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Atrial fibrillation - Essay Example Often characterized by atrial dilatation and the shortening of the atrial ERP, the presence of atrial fibrosis and its structural remodeling changes the normal electrical refractoriness and contractile function of the heart by making the intra-cardiac pressure increase (University of Toronto; Allessie, Boyden and Camm). Because of atrial dilatation, heart-related diseases like hypertension, vulvar heart disease, and congestive heart failure occurs. Individuals who are at risk of AF include those who are more than 65 years of age, individuals with myocardial infarction, and individuals who received cardiothoracic surgery (Allessie, Boyden and Camm). Hypertension, ischemic or non-ischemic heart diseases, and mitral or tricuspid valvular disorders, hyperthyroidism, and alcohol drinking are among the most common factors that could trigger AF whereas atrial septal, congenital heart failure, pulmonary embolism, COPD, myocarditis, and pericarditis are among the less common factors that could trigger AF (Mitchell). Aside from a rapid ventricular response or arrhythmias, patients with mild AF may experience dizziness, dyspnea, diaphoresis, fatigue, and palpitation whereas patients with severe AF may experience chest pain, pulmonary edema, or syncope (Dresing and Schweikert). Using surgical intervention, AV node radiofrequency ablation, control of rhythm using cardioversion or AF substrate ablation, treatments for AF focuses on thromboembolism prevention, rhythm control, and ventricular rate control (Mitchell). Likewise, it is possible to use antiarrhythmic medications such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor to prevent stress by lowering the atrial pressure when administered to patients (Dresing and Schweikert; University of Toronto). Aside from showing irregular R-R intervals, the ECG of patients with AF is characterized with irregular timing in fibrillatory waves of QRS aside from the absence of P waves (Mitchell). (See

Training during global recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Training during global recession - Essay Example This paper will posit the various views stating why it is an unwise move for the company to discontinue its training programmes. Galagan (2009) views the effect of the economic challenges of 2008 as motivators for greater precision and efficiency in the execution of business strategies. There is a move towards more constrained use of resources, including people. At about the same time, however, there is an accelerating retirement trend among the Baby Boomer generation, creating a skills gap in several organizations. This is apparent in the rehiring or extension of retirees and retirables in jobs that require specialized knowledge and skills, and for which there is a dearth of qualified younger workers. The confluence of forces that bear upon industry’s manpower complement sometimes create perplexing developments. For instance, the grim economy has manufacturers and other businesses laying off record numbers of workers, yet at the same time there is strong, unsatisfied demand for employees that have anxious companies begging on their knees (Cadrain, 2009). According to economists, academics and human resource managers, the causes can be traced to changing technology, offshoring, global competition and retirements. It is thus not a matter of the unavailability of jobs, but the unavailability of the right types of employees to fill the jobs that are open and waiting. Apparently, â€Å"it’s not a worker shortage, it’s a talent shortage,† according to a report by The Manufacturing Institute, Deloitte and Oracle (Cadrain, 2009). In all companies, there is need for particular skills and talents that training can address, even and especially during an economic slowdown. It takes a matter of strong leadership, vision and foresight to perceive the necessity of training, the kind of training needed, and how such training can benefit the company long after the recession has ended (Van Buskirk, 2009). The American

Ergonomics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Ergonomics - Research Paper Example Ergonomics therefore transcends the process of designing equipment and furniture that is safe and easy to use by humans. Ergonometric designs are normally necessary for the prevention of strain injuries that are always a problem in people who operate machines and equipment for long periods of time. This research therefore seeks to find out the extent to which ergonomics is applied in the conventional workplace. Ergonomics is basically concerned with the interaction between the users of the equipment, the environment and the equipment used (Rosskam, 2009). In the process, it takes into account the aspects of capabilities of people coupled with their various limitations in the process of using machines to operate in the environments. In order to determine the interaction between the human beings and a particular technology, ergonomists will consider the particular work to be undertaken, the needs of the user, the machines to be used and how the particular machine fits the job to be done. As a discipline, ergonomics therefore draws much from other disciplines including engineering, biomechanics, psychology, industrial design, information design and physiology. The discipline of ergonomics is normally segmented into three different divisions. Physical ergonomics mostly deals with human anatomy and how aspects like physiology, anthropometric and bio mechanical characteristics affect the process of physical activity of the people (Murrell, 2008). Cognitive ergonomics on the other hand, deals with the interaction between the various mental processes of memory perception and motor response and the various functioning of the body in a system. In this regard, such aspects like skilled performance, decision making, human-computer interaction and human reliability come in handy as factors to be considered in the design of human interaction systems. Finally, organizational ergonomics deals with

Originality in Modernism and Postmodernism Essay

Originality in Modernism and Postmodernism - Essay Example The essay "Originality in Modernism and Postmodernism" highlights the phenomenon of originality in modernism and postmodernism. Often, attempting to be original in these schools of literature just results in a sacrifice in meaning and coherence, and ultimately comes at the expense of the reader. In this essay I wish to argue that 'originality' is simply another literary convention which modern writers have now become fixated with. In attempts to produce the most unanticipated and rare piece of work, meaning and coherence become compromised. To show this I will look at T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, John Barth's Lost in the Funhouse, and John Berger's G: A Novel. In the modernist poem The Waste Land, T. S. Eliot attempts to break every possible rule of poetic structure, by alternately mixing multiple types of structures and abandoning any type of structure at all. He adds in near-random quotes from various religious texts and literary sources and switches into German and a few other lan guages at certain points in the text. The five sections tell seemingly unrelated stories about characters who have nothing to do with one another. The reader is supposed to get the overall sense of futility in modern life. As Vicki Mahaffey puts it, it â€Å"takes place in a shared cultural nightmare† a devastated Europe in the wake of the First World War. If the point of the poem is simply to convey a feeling of futility and nihilism, it does that very well. However, any larger plot is lost on readers.

To Implement Primary Prevention Principles Designed to Address an Assignment

To Implement Primary Prevention Principles Designed to Address an Issue of Concern to the Entire School Community - Assignment Example   School psychologists, as well as school consultants help in the prevention program by providing school leaders a way to expose several procedures of how to deal with several problems of children, more particularly, student achievement, self-esteem enhancement, substance abuse, or crisis situations within school limits (Shaw, M. C., Goodyear, R. K., 1984). Nowadays, children are more demanding than in the previous era’s. Some children rather than others cannot make it normally. They need special and supportive training to get into the stream. (Stephen J. M., Astrid M. O’ M., March 2008). For the appraisal of these children which are usually left behind, prevention programs are being conducted by many school leaders. According to school psychologists, special training programs are required to be conducted in the premature level of their studies so as to make them build up their strong character. Prevention programs are one of them to help the students psychologically as well as mentally to enhance their behavior and get to know of dealing with certain critical situations which make them brave enough to start running again among the other normal children. Program to implement primary prevention principles: Primary schools have some funding collected to support pre- level children who are not making expected progress. The main aim of Prevention Programs is to raise the standard of all children. Strategies are to be made in order to give the children additional support in achievement as well as in dealing with another critical issue like substance abuse or crises management. Primary prevention program is a significant program that brings changes in the structural framework of each educational unit. This helps the children in memorizing common practices and consistent application of positive or negative reinforcement.  

The Value of Philosophy Essay Example for Free

The Value of Philosophy Essay Thesis Statement: According to Russell, the value of philosophy is that it frees our mind to think of other possibilities; unlike science which may provide us definite answers, but does not deal with other aspects of human soul.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Russell described â€Å"practical† men as individuals who only recognize material needs for the body, but not goods for the mind where the value of philosophy can be found. Russell is pertaining to the knowledge that can be achieved through the study of philosophy. This knowledge is different from what science can study or tell. Science can provide definite answers, but philosophy may not. Although, philosophy can deal with questions with no definite answers (Russell).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philosophy has uncertainty in answering questions, but it allows for more consideration of the question, its importance, and extends the limitations of what are already answered by science; and because of this uncertainty, we find the value of philosophy (Russell). Given all the definite answers we have and needed, we tend not to raise questions, doubts, or think of other possibilities; but with philosophy or through philosophizing, we are able to think of other possible consequences or problems that may arise. Our thoughts are freed and liberated. It increases are knowledge through the reduction of dogmatism because dogmatism reduces ability to reason and expand in learning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Life with philosophy is free unlike a life that is bounded by the world because we are limited and controlled. We just accept what is given and live a life that we think is acceptable, a life that is dictated. The value of philosophy is that it helps us in finding the true meaning of life and not just living life as it is. With science, we are bound by its limitations, limitations to answer all our questions thus proving that science has weakness too or that it may not provide complete answers. On the other hand, philosophy allows human mind for more speculation of how things are and on how things will be. REFERENCE: Russell, B. Chapter XV: The Value of Philosophy.  Ã‚   Retrieved 17 September, 2007, from http://skepdic.com/russell.html

Object Oriented Technology in Software Design

Object Oriented Technology in Software Design Jose E. Laguardia Abstract This research paper explains the concepts of Object-oriented technologies. Explores the evolution of Object-oriented programming languages, from their introduction in the 1960s to languages that are still relevant today. It compares Object-oriented programming languages with Procedural programming languages and their structures. Explaining the advantages and disadvantages of using an Object-oriented programming approach over a Procedural programming approach. Supports why Object-oriented programming is more cost effective in comparison to Procedural programming. And finally, explains how developing in an Object-oriented programming language, increases reusability and productivity, which results in higher quality software. The results were taken from research conducted online (Internet) from six published articles and reports. The articles and reports explain, in depth, Object-oriented programming languages, its advantages and disadvantages, and how it differs from Procedural programm ing. This paper will help the reader understand why some developers prefer to develop their software using an Object-oriented programming language based on its benefits and reusability for future changes or projects. Object-oriented Technology in Software Design and Implementation Object-oriented programming is a method of programming based on hierarchy of classes, and well-defined cooperating objects (Essays, UK, 2013). Object-oriented programming is a type of programming language where the developer has to first, plan out the functions and operations to be applied to data structures before writing any code. By doing this, the data structure converts to an object that includes both data and functions. Among some of the most popular Object-oriented programming languages are Java, C++, Python, Ruby, Visual Basic .NET and Smalltalk. The first step in developing Object-oriented style programs is to identify all the objects to be manipulated and how they identify each other. This process is often called, data modeling. Once the object is identified the developer has to label it as an objects class, define the data contained in it, and the logical sequence of manipulation. A distinct logical sequence is known as a method. An instance of a class is called an object and the object runs in the machine where the instructions are provided by methods and the data is provided by the characteristics of the object. Object-oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies the software development process and maintenance by providing six concepts. Object, class, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and encapsulation. Object: any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example, computer, desk, keyboard, pencil, etc. The object can be physical and logical. Class: a collection of objects. It is a logical entity. Inheritance: is when one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object. It provides code reusability and it is used to achieve runtime polymorphism. Polymorphism: when one task is performed in different ways. For example, the way everyone speaks. Abstraction: hiding internal details and showing functionality. In Java, abstract class and interface are used to achieve abstraction. Lastly, encapsulation: binding or wrapping code and data together into a single unit. In Java, class is an example of encapsulation. To be considered a totally Object-oriented language, the language must include inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. The evolution of Object-oriented Technologies points back to the 1960s. Simula 67, a major revision of Simula 1, is considered the first Object-oriented language when it first introduced the concept of an object. Simula 67 was designed by Kristen Nygard and Ole-Johan Dahl at the Norwegian Computer Center in Oslo, Norway. The introduction of Simula 67 brought the first true programming object, classes, and a form of inheritance. That is why in discussing Object-oriented technologies, Simula its an important milestone. Simula had a different way of presenting the object, so that each object has its own behavior and data. Smalltalk language, considered by many the first truly Object-oriented language, was developed by Xerox at their Research Center in Palo Alto, California in the early 1970s. In Smalltalk everything is an object, it is virtually impossible to write a program that is not Object-oriented. Smalltalk is more than a programming language, is a programming interactive environment that allows you to change parameters and code while the program is running. Smalltalk supported inheritance and the concept of sending messages between objects. C++ brought wider acceptance of Object-oriented development in the marketplace. C++ may be considered the most important programming language. With the release of C++, Object-oriented programming became mainstream. C++ was introduced in 1982 under the name of C with classes. The class concept provided encapsulation, now a requisite of Object-oriented languages. In 1989, commercial C++ compilers began to appear and the ANSI C++ committee was formed. C++ is still widely used nowadays and a programmer can create very elegant Object-oriented programs with it. Javas origins are in consumer electronics. In 1991, a small group of Sun engineers called the Green Team believed that the next wave in computing was to unite computers and digital consumer devices. The team lead by James Gosling, demonstrated their new language with an interactive remote controller that was originally targeted at the digital cable television industry. Unfortunately, it did not end up working for the television industry, as the concept was much too advanced at the time. But it was just perfect for the internet, which was just starting to take off. In 1995, Java ran on SPARC Solaris, Windows NT, Windows 95, and Linux. The team also announced that the Netscape Navigator Internet browser would incorporate Java technology. Today, Java is the invisible force behind many of the devices and applications we use in our day-to-day lives. Other languages like C# .NET and Visual Basic .NET by Microsoft where created to respond to the popularity of Java. C# relied heavily on the success and failure of earlier programming languages. The C# platform builds upon many powerful features from Visual Basic and C++ environments. The .NET environment provides the ability to develop code in many different languages that can be integrated in the same application. Any objects developed in the .NET environment can be used together. Comparing Object-oriented programming to Procedural programming. Procedural programming is simple and straight forward. At times, it has been referred to as inline programming, it is more of a top down style of programming. Procedural programming takes on applications by solving problems from top to bottom. A program starts with a problem and then is broken down into smaller sub-procedures. These sub-procedures are continuously broken down in a process called functional decomposition until the problem is simple enough to be solved. The drawback about Procedural Programming is that if an edit is needed to the program, the developer has to edit every line of code related to the original change. It obviously becomes a very tedious task if many changes need to be made in the code. Procedural programming uses different methods all over the code than Object-oriented programming. Procedural programming uses procedures where Object-oriented programming uses methods. Procedural programming us es records where Object-oriented programming uses objects. Procedural programming uses modules where Object-oriented programming uses classes. Procedural programming uses procedure class where Object-oriented programming uses messages. The design process for each method differs in many ways. Object-oriented programming is designed to be reused and recycled throughout the program where Procedural programming is not. Also, the development process is different for both programing languages. Developing in Object-oriented programming begins with mapping and planning out the program. Classes are created and data fields are associated to help the developer in planning out the program. Functions and methods can be introduced as well in the planning process. Once the classes and objects have been planned out by the developer, the program can begin to take shape in a development environment. Planning out the program in Object-oriented programming is essential for the development process. It gives a basic blueprint of the program when building it. Developing in Procedural programming starts with the main functions or procedures, the main function is the main goal of the program. In Procedural programming the program is planned out in a storyboard pattern. The main function is decided and then broken down into individual and more manageable problems that can be solved. Procedural programming targets the main goal of a program first and then recognizes the smaller components to solve the main goal. Some of the benefits of using Object-oriented programming are its accuracy and sustainability across different platforms. A benefit of Object-oriented programming is the ease of debugging the code. Errors that could possibly exist during the development process can usually be traced to their point of origin and then edited, eliminating errors all over the program. Also, with the help of inheritance, a developer can eliminate redundant code and extend the use of available code. Data hiding is another benefit, with data hiding programs are designed not to be affected by code in other parts of the program, this provides greater system security and avoids unintended corruption. Also, multiple instances of an object can exist side-by-side without interfering with each other. Another benefit of Object-oriented programming is the ability to relate code to real world examples, this logical structure makes the process easier to code. A main benefit for developers is the ability to find errors when compiling rather than at runtime. All of these benefits help developers choose an Object-oriented programming approach over other programming styles while developing programs and software. A disadvantage of Object-oriented programming is the complexity of understanding how, objects, methods, classes, and actions correlate to each other. For developers who are used to Procedural programming this approach may be difficult to comprehend. Another disadvantage of Object-oriented programming is the necessity to have packages and libraries installed for the code to function correctly. These libraries are intended to make the coding process easier for developers but for some who are used to Procedural programming these libraries can cause confusion. Object-oriented programming is modular, this means that it provides separation of duties in object-based program development. Object-oriented programming is also extensible, objects can be extended to include new attributes and behaviors. Objects can also be reused within and across applications. Object-oriented programming provides improved software development productivity over traditional Procedural programming because of these three attributes: modularity, extensibility, and reusability. These three attributes also make software using Object-oriented programming easier to maintain. Due to the modular design, part of the system can be updated in case of issues without a need to make large changes. Reuse of code enables faster development process. Object-oriented programming comes with rich libraries of objects and code that can be reused in future projects. This reusability of software also lowers the cost of development. Faster development process, increased productivity, and low er cost of development allows the developer to spend more time and resources on the quality of the program, which results in higher quality software. Object-oriented programming works the way real world works. It is easy to map a real-world problem to a solution in Object-oriented programming. Programs can be built from the working modules which interact with one another, rather than starting the code again from scratch (Essays, UK, 2013). Its easier to break the work in parts based on objects. Code can be reused. Productivity is increased and costs are reduced, which helps in developing better quality software. All of these, are some of the benefits of Object-oriented programming over other styles of programming like Procedural. Object-oriented programming in its purest sense is implemented by sending messages to objects. Popular Object-oriented languages are used to code and develop a majority of software and applications we use in our daily life today. Languages like Java and C++, are used from instructors in classrooms to engineers and developers in the private sector and the government. To new adapters, Object-oriented progra mming may appear confusing, however, advocates of Object-oriented programming claim it actually results in simpler, cleaner, and more reliable code. References Eliason, K. (May 2016). Difference Between Object-oriented Programming and Procedural Programming Languages. Retrieved from https://neonbrand.com/website-design/procedural-programming-vs-object-oriented-programming-a-review/ Essays, UK. (November 2013). Object Oriented Programming What Is Object Information Technology Essay. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/object-oriented-programming-what-is-object-information-technology-essay.php?cref=1 Jaiswal, S. (2011). Java OOPs Concepts. Retrieved from http://www.javatpoint.com/java-oops-concepts Oracle Technology Network. The History of Java Technology. Retrieved from http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/overview/javahistory-index-198355.html The Saylor Foundation. (2013). Advantages and Disadvantages of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). Retrieved from https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/CS101-2.1.2-AdvantagesDisadvantagesOfOOP-FINAL.pdf Weisfeld, M. (March 2015). The Evolution of Object-Oriented Languages. Retrieved from http://www.developer.com/java/other/article.php/3493761/The-Evolution-of-Object-Oriented-Languages.htm

Avalanches And Landslides :: essays research papers

Avalanches and Landslides OUTLINE 1. a.WHAT IS AN AVALANCHE OR LANDSLIDE? b.EXACTLY HOW DOES AN AVALANCHES OCCUR 2. a.I TALK A LITTLE ABOUT PAST AVALANCHES b.PAST DEATHS FROM AVALANCHES 3. a.CONCLUSION CLOSING OF MY REPORT What is an avalanche? , well it's a large mass of snow and ice or of earth or rock sliding down a mountain side or a cliff. And how does an avalanche occur, well mainly they happen by vibrations caused by movement of the earth such as an earthquake, gunfire, rainy weather, and many more. Now I would like to talk a little about past avalanches and landslides that have occurred like the 1903 Frank landslide and avalanche that happened at the same time, in Alberta Canada it destroyed the parks canyons it's beautiful trees' it's wonderful sights and killed nearly one hundred people, and covered a small town near Alberta with ice and snow. Another devastating avalanche incident is the 1964 Sherman slide, in which a huge avalanche was triggered by the 1964 Alaskan earthquake. The slide spilled out onto the Sherman glacier, during the big slide several other smaller slides happened and those were the one that took lives in Anchorage, and destroyed property There are a couple of types of avalanches and how the destroy so much this one is named "Loose Snow Avalanches"1, it starts' in a small area then grows in size and mass as it descends.Another type is the "Slab Avalanche" it actually starts in a large area of ice and snow and then begins to slide. On September 12 of 1717 crusaded down the Troilet, Italy glacier, gaining speed on a cushion of air reaching a falling velocity of km/hr over a 3600 m fall. Two towns were destroyed, with seven people killed and a 120 cows lost. The slosh of an avalanche ran up the far side of the valley at a speed of 125 km/hr. In developed areas such as ski resorts it is possible to predict avalanches because they are controlled with explosives and artillery. In a back-country areas it is possible to predict avalanches because the forecast relies on experience of the person making the observation. There are no computer models available to predict avalanches and therefore predictions are only accomplished by repetitive observations and knowledge of snow properties. Due to difficulty in reliable predictions method areas of avalanche hazards must rely on controlling or altering the effects of an avalanche. The back country explorer must be highly skilled in determining safe routes and rescue procedures over and above relying on predictions of avalanches for personal safety. Avalanches kill people many ways but the most common cause of death is

gatdream The Great American Dream in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Great Gatsby and the American Dream Everyone wants to be successful in life, but most often people take the wrong ways to get there. In the 1920’s the American Dream was something that everyone struggled to have. A spouse, children, money, a big house and a car meant that someone had succeeded in life. A very important aspect was money and success was determined greatly by it. This was not true in all cases however. The belief that every man can rise to success no matter what his beginnings. Jay Gatsby was a poor boy that turned into a very wealthy man, but did he live the American Dream? Money is actually the only thing that Gatsby had a lot of. Jay Gatsby tries to live the life of The American Dream, but fails in his battle. I became aware of the old island here that flowered once for Dutch sailors’ eyes – a fresh, green breast of the new world. Its vanished trees, the trees that had made way for Gatsby’s house, had once pandered in whispers to the last and greatest of all human dreams; for a transitory enchanted moment man must have held his breath in the presence of this continent, compelled into an aesthetic contemplation he neither understood nor desired, face to face for the last time in history with something commensurate to his capacity for wonder. (P. 171). On his last visit to Gatsby’s house, Nick realizes that Gatsby’s belief in life and love resembles the hope and faith of those early Dutch sailors coming to America, looking forward to freedom and spiritual and material jubilation. With this in mind, we can be sure that Gatsby is the reflection of the American Dream. So, in what way is Gatsby representative of the American Dream? After people have determined their specific aspirations, they need to structure a course of actions to achieve them in order to bring their dreams to reality. For Gatsby, his dream is very easily realized, to a certain extent, by virtue of his immense ambition and idealism. As described by Nick in the novel, Gatsby has an "extraordinary gift for hope", which has never been found in any other person: If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away.

The Purpose of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teaching Tea

The Purpose of Education As teachers endeavor into the field of education, it is imperative to ask exactly what the purpose of education is and why education has become one of the fundamental institutions of society. In examining this question, I realize that education serves as the basis for the organization of our culture, and essentially, the entire world and its influence is invaluable. I see four essential purposes of education: to foster thinking and reasoning skills in students, to create a sense of community, to develop life skills such as responsibility and cooperation, among others, and to provide a precursor for life’s continuous education. The most obvious purpose of education, and perhaps the one that many people view as the only purpose, is to instill in students a means of thinking. In our current education, this takes the form of several major subject areas, like math, science, history, and English, but these areas are constantly expanding to reflect our changing culture as students today are encouraged to expand their knowledges. But education goes beyond even providing subject information; it teaches students to think critically and rationally and to consider ideas— skills necessary in all life situations. The structure of education today, and throughout history, helps to provide a strong sense of community within society. Because students’ main access to other people outside their families is in school, thi...

Chpl 500

The Early History of The Chaplaincy Liberty University Theological Seminary A Writing assignment Presented to Dr. Steve Smith In partial fulfillment for the course Introduction to Chaplaincy ministry CHPL 500 By Watson Rugano (L223514216) May 17th, 2011 Although it is still open for debate, there are suggestions that chaplaincy, as a function in the military, can be traced in the Old Testament. Consider the battle of the Israelites and the Amalekites.The children of Israel experienced victory as long Moses held his hands up in Prayer to God. Another example that is discussed in the book deals with the Priests who carried the Ark of the Covenant in some of the battles the Israelites were engaged in. Gideon is also looked at as playing the roles of a prophet, priest, and general. Doris Bergen is of the opinion that, â€Å"pointing to ancient precedents lends legitimacy and prestige to modern military chaplaincies, but it does not always accurately always reflect development in the pas t. The word chaplain as we know it today was coined from the Latin word capellanus which was derived from what Doris Bergen says was â€Å"the great royal relic of the patron saint of the Franks, the cappa. † But evidence of chaplains accompanying soldiers in battle was first noted with the Romans army in fifth century. Some of the duties that they performed involved caring for them by offering prayers and conducting mass. But an important aspect in the duties of the chaplain in those early days is best understood by a term Doris Bergen credits to Michael McCormick, which is, â€Å"liturgy of war. In liturgy of war, the chaplains â€Å"were not only part of an effort to achieve victory, they also represented a promise to warriors that their actions were just as good. † Some liturgical texts contain words uttered by soldiers in battle suggesting the influence of â€Å"religion. † The Roman soldiers were known to cry out loud, â€Å"Nobiscum, Deus! †-†Å"God is with us! † The Frankish warriors on the other hand would, together with their king, march around their camp â€Å"in procession, singing kyries and responding to their assembled priests’ chants: To Lord Charles and his army of the Franks, long life and victory! with the proto-Romance refrain, â€Å"Tu lo juval! † â€Å"(O God) Help him. The liturgy of war reveals how those entrusted with the spiritual care of the soldiers were used and also how those soldiers were affected by the words of the religious men among them. Constantine is known to have claimed seeing a vision of the cross which was an indication of divine help. And if his soldiers were to paint the symbol of the cross on their shields then, victory would be granted.His victory over the Roman Empire begun what was to be the Christianization of the conquered territory. But it was during the rise of the Carolingian monarchy that seems to have changed the history of war rituals. Doris Bergen men tions three factors that contributed to this change. These were, interest in performance of liturgy, nature of warfare had changed and ambition of the new monarchy which believed that both their activities were divinely sanctioned and that the ruler bore personal responsibility for subjects’ minds and souls.The revival of liturgy credited to the Carolingians and the application of a different kind of warfare in the middle east by the warriors of the first crusade that resulted in great success, would later give birth to what Doris calls â€Å"A new kind of war, a crusade, and with it, the liturgical rites that appeared to have stood the warriors of God in such good stead. Swathed in the success of the conquest of Jerusalem, the future of the liturgy of war was assured. †

Icarus In Catechism Class

The story revolves around the ancient story of Cirrus and Deals. In a outsell, Cirrus was the son of the artist Deals who created a labyrinth for the Minotaur, as commanded by King Minis. Cirrus and his father wanted to escape from Crete. They used Deals' invention-?a pair Of wings made Of feathers and wax. Deals warned his son not to go too near the ocean or the sun, because his wings would get wet and be too heavy, or the wax holding his wings would melt and be gone.Now to the poem proper, Olio gives us an image of Cirrus inside a church or a religion convention and he feels very much uninterested having every intention of getting out. In the first line † Or make us angels all, with dirty et,† already brings about a disconnection or a confusion because of the word â€Å"or† and â€Å"all†, who is Cirrus referring too? Followed up with † Without wings, chanting the beatitudes Without exultation nor thought, counting† shows us an irony of angels having no wings but with dirty feet possibly due to walking with bare feet.These lines shows us angels being humankind, removing their wings so they would walk live men turns them into something just like us. † counting the silver halos on the heads of saints/And ignoring the pastels on the stunning/ Stained glass windows. † further supports the act of humiliation. To ignore he pastels on the stained glass windows shows us that the stained glass isn't stunning no more. It is portrayed as something of the ordinary. Also, â€Å"counting the silver halos† further supports the fact the Cirrus mood is revolving around the concept of boredom.The next verse being â€Å"This morning Deals/My father' gives us an affirmation that Cirrus is indeed the persona. Moving on to â€Å"Spoke of escape from this dark labyrinth† gives me two (2) impressions here, the more religion version and the more scientific and historic version. One being that the dark labyrinth maybe re lated to the Church where Cirrus is trapped in for the time Ewing. Another reading is that knowing Cirrus is being consumed by boredom, his thoughts maybe already wondering off relating what he feels inside the Church to be what he really feels to be trapped inside the labyrinth.Connecting this with † This walled-in wilderness where the black/birds twitter/ Homilies from the pulpit. â€Å", following the first reading the â€Å"black birds† are the priest or preachers filling him with nonsense or following the second reading they could be somewhat the evil men keeping him inside that labyrinth. â€Å"O I wait the noon† – The noon could signify the crucifixion of Jesus Christ owing He died at pm then it would be around noon when he was placed on the cross. While following the second reading, noon is known to be the hottest part of the day when the sun is directly above us.The next line is a bit confusing â€Å"Soon the minutes will glibly run/lento the de cades full of women and sinners†, the trail of thought for the first reading became bigger. We were looking at it in the time line of Jesus' life but Olio gives us a grander picture to the time of genesis. Women being sinners correlates to the time Eve ate the apple. For the second reading, women throughout history have gained this ad notion of being seductresses. Moving on to † O hour of my death, O let the noon bell ring† could be connected to the later part of the prayer Hail Mary – Pray for us sinner now and at the hour of our death.Cirrus at this point maybe prayer already. On the other hand, noon as mention is the hottest part of the day, could refer to the point of Cirrus' life when he is about to part ways from the human world. Lastly, the part â€Å"l want to go home I want to put On my wings. † for the first reading could be that he has awakened from his trail of thoughts and simply just wants to escape from the religious invention and put o n his wings to escape from this insane world or it could also mean Cirrus' death in his life, home for he isn't in the human world no more.Cirrus viewed religion to be something that captivated him. Something that sets the norms, rules, regulations that each person has to obey. It would limit his freedom. He would rather also experience life at first hand by stepping outside rather than sitting inside a religious convention listening to what and what not to do. It was a battle between his reality and illusions. Reality being him actually inside a church and illusion being the bigger picture of him being rapped inside the labyrinth, a nasty world.In the end, it was his illusion that won based on the last line â€Å"l want to go home I want to put on my wings† that revolved on the notion that he was away of it being an illusion and he tries to turn it into his reality by putting on the wings and flying off. The two poems â€Å"Cirrus in Catechism Class† and â€Å"Cirrus and Deals† both us the same technique and basis yet have different intentions. They both use the historical story of Cirrus and Deals reflecting the journey they went through. Showing the creation of the wings, being trapped inside the labyrinth and flying too.

Nonverbal Communication Cod Essay

1. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What cultural barriers are seen in this image? 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What cultural barriers can be seen in this image? 2. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 3. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 4. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 5. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What cultural barriers can be seen in this image? 2. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 3. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 4. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 5. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation?

Computers and Ethics in the Workplace Essay

This paper discusses issues with ethics that have derived in the workplace as a result of the use of business computers. The definition of computer ethics is simple; they are a set of moral principles that intend to help with the regulation of the use of computers. Some common problems with computer ethics consist of privacy concerns, intellectual property rights, and the way computers have an effect on people. In other words, computer ethics refers to the ways people take ethical traditions and test, stretch, apply, negotiate and break in the realm of computer technology. As technology continues to evolve, there are a great deal of ethical issues and principles of behavior concerning privacy and accurateness for managerial leaders to deal with. In finding the issues of ethics that the Technology Age has brought to the workplace, organizations must be hands-on when it is time to highlight ethical use of technology by employees. Making sure that employees are knowledgeable on the proper policies the organization has on computer ethics. Promoting good computer ethics is a great way for companies to keep morale high and unnecessary issues from arising in the workplace. Introduction As technology like computers progresses, they will continue to contain a larger impact on people in today’s society. For that reason, computer ethics supports the how some debate on just how much influence computers need to have in human communication. With computers evolving constantly, ethical standards will continue to be constructed by computer ethics and will always have newer concerns that come from recent technology. With the new changes in technology like computers, more supervisors are coping with having to manager employees for proper use of company computers; they have to stay informed of all new ethical problems and the laws that were created to enforce ethics with workers. These are problematic areas, particularly with the arrival of the World Wide Web. To date, there have been problems with employees using company computers for purposes other than work. This subject has become more of a problem in today’s society and has been addressed by employers through monitoring computer usage, creating ritten policies, and enforcing other tactics to teach and inflict the ethics of computer use to employees at all levels. This paper topic was inspired through my own experience of an employer who felt that productivity was lower than past years, due to employees who utilized the Internet for reasons other than work. Today, we have monitored email and they are able to tell what Internet sites we visit daily and the duration of the time we are on that site. I must say as an employee, I felt violated for not being able to utilize the Internet throughout the day, as I am someone who still gets my work done each day no matter what. But I can see their reasoning behind and cannot blame them for keeping an eye out. Current Situation Ethics is a set of truthful principles that oversee the actions of people. As a result, computer ethics goes hand in hand with ethics with the intention to control how employees use computers. Often times, frequent issues with computer ethics consist of privacy concerns, intellectual property rights, and the way computers have an effect on people. In other words, computer ethics refers to the ways people take ethical traditions and test, stretch, apply, negotiate and break in the realm of computer technology. A current study shows how computers are making a heavy affect on ethics at work. One study said that almost half of the people they polled said they have participated in some kind of unethical act that relates to computers at work in the last 12 months. Another study found that one out of six working people believes conventional thoughts of moral and immoral have been superseded by new technologies (Websense and Saratoga Institute). These days, its almost impossible for one to keep up with how fast technology advances and has a significant influence on how we do business these days. Corporations, management and employees have to be able to keep up with the changing times in order to be competitive in their profession. The Internet creates an interesting predicament, with many employees utilizing it at work on a daily. The main concern is whether communication and information by way of the Internet should be monitored; this concerns both business and personal communications at work. This issue of employees and the Internet at work is a concern of many employers and managers, because in most cases it affects productivity

Chapter 6 Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chapter 6 Presentation - Essay Example Theres also potential for harm when decisions affecting students futures are being made based on results of assessments made with tools that are not appropriate for the purpose. A good designer generally begins to think about assessment instruments as she develops the learning objectives. This is done to help ensure that not only does the assessment match the objectives but appropriately amplifies and clarifies the objectives themselves. Practicality: Optimal assessment might be a many-itemed constructed response or performance exam that is as close as possible to the real life situation in which the learners will apply their knowledge for all objectives with a carefully developed set of criteria for evaluating the responses. Trade-offs in Assessment Design: It is indeed important to consider carefully decisions as to which factors are most important for the particular assessment situation and then male trade-offs among the factors of validity, reliability and practicality. All design work involves consideration of trade-offs (Petroski, 2003). Swanson, Norman, and Linn (1995) proposed that â€Å"authentic assessment† is synonymous with performance assessment. They defined performance assessment as â€Å"testing complex, ‘higher order’ knowledge and skills in the real world context in which they are actually used, generally with open-ended tasks that require substantial examinee time to complete. 1 Observation of On-the-job performance: The best way to see if students have learned what we want them to learn at the necessary level is to take into the real world and have them perform what they have been instructed to do. The test instruments can be a checklist or rating scale. Checklists may be appropriate for on-the-job assessments if all critical cognitions in the newly acquired learning are manifested in observable behavior. Rating scale is used when a more refined evaluation of a process or product than just

Comparison of Judy Bradys Article I Want a Wife and Joanne Leonards Research Paper

Comparison of Judy Bradys Article I Want a Wife and Joanne Leonards 1966 Photograph Sonia - Research Paper Example Judy Brady’s essay â€Å"I Want a Wife† was written in the year 1971 when women were still expected to follow their traditional roles, to conduct themselves in a particular way for the men of their households. It is penned in a rather sarcastic and even humorous manner in which Brady talks of the reasons why she would want a wife for a change instead of being one herself. And when one reads through her essay, one really does not wonder as to why she thinks in such a manner. The wives of those times were seen as automatons, creatures who would give birth to babies and then take care of them, cook for them and feed them, watch over them all their lives. Similarly, they would also look after their husbands, wash and iron their clothes, cook their meals, listen to them talk about their work, give them space when they needed it, be pretty for them, act the perfect hostess, look after their need or lack thereof sexual activities. She would also be aware that she could be repl aced by another woman anytime, while she was not allowed to leave her husband for another man. The wife had to fulfill all the roles that the society required her to without thinking of her feelings, her wants or her needs. In short, she could live and breathe, but she was not the master of her own life, she had no right to dream, she would forever live her life serving, doing errands for her husband or children. That they would work for twenty-four hours and still manage to look pretty and be responsive during the sexual activities, and so on.

Proposal for purchasing new computers Case Study

Proposal for purchasing new computers - Case Study Example The new monitor has a wider screen than the older one and is very sleek which helps in saving the space on employee’s desk for other purposes. The new monitor enables employees to work on more than one application and window at a time and the speed of shifting from one window to another is even quite high which saves time. The new monitor is produced from LED technology which is energy efficient and will help the company in saving money in form of energy. The new CPUs (Central Processing Units) can operate on both Windows 7 and Widows 8, these windows provide new features to employees which will assist them in creating spreadsheets and conducting other operations related to the accounts department. These new Windows operate a much higher speed as compared to the obsolete ones which are running on Windows XP. These new computers have enhanced security systems which safeguards the work conducted by the employees of the accounts department and fights viruses and spyware issues. HP Business Desktop Pro 6300 B5N09UT Desktop Computer Intel Core i3 i3 2120 33GHz Micro Tower by Office Depot Officedepot.com (2012a) HP Business Desktop Pro 6300 B5N09UT Desktop Computer Intel Core i3 i3 2120 33GHz Micro Tower by Office Depot. [online] Available at: http://www.officedepot.com/a/products/614333/HP-Business-Desktop-Pro-6300-B5N09UT/#firstTab [Accessed: 27 Dec 2012]. Samsung S23B300B 23 Widescreen LED Backlit Monitor Glossy Black by Office Depot Officedepot.com (2012b) Samsung S23B300B 23 Widescreen LED Backlit Monitor Glossy Black by Office Depot. [online] Available at: http://www.officedepot.com/a/products/281614/Samsung-S23B300B-23-Widescreen-LED-Backlit/#firstTab [Accessed: 27 Dec

Reflecting upon our exploration of monetary and financial history in Essay

Reflecting upon our exploration of monetary and financial history in Topic Two, what are some of the issues surrounding the crea - Essay Example These currencies resemble real money and do come with their discrete, but open retail payment system; leading to the term virtual currency scheme. There are different types of virtual currency schemes; Type 1 (closed virtual currency scheme), it is used in online games; Type 2 (unidirectional flow), this is usually an inflow, this means that they have a conversion rate for buying the virtual currency that aid not only in purchasing the virtual goods and services, but also the real goods and services; Type 3 (bidirectional flow), this gives the currency the ability to behave like any other convertible currency, that is, possess the buying and selling exchange rate, and therefore, it can be used to buy both the virtual and real goods and services. Issues Surrounding Virtual Currency Schemes (Bitcoin and Linden Dollar) The Bitcoin is a virtual currency scheme that is based on the technology of BitTorrent of sharing files over the Internet (European Central Bank, 2012). This technology i s based on peer-to-peer network. Its operation is global and has the ability to conduct both real and virtual transaction of goods and services. The exchange rate of Bitcoins which is not nailed to any real-world currency is determined by demand and supply in the market (King, 2012). Due to all these, the currency is decentralized, meaning that it has no central clearing house; it is anonymous and controlled by the partners involved, this means that there is no institution or financial house involved in the transaction (European Central Bank, 2012). By anonymous, it means that accounts are not registered, so the Bitcoins are transferred directly from one machine to another. The transactions are enabled by free and open-source software that is downloaded and installed in a machine; thereby, purchased Bitcoins are stored in the machine in a digital wallet. This turns to be the basic threat to this system, users can easily lose their money if they do not implement and secure their mach ines with back-ups and antivirus measures. Although the insecurity factor is a big concern, users still prefer to use this technology because of its fast and cheap transactions with no bank account fees involved (European Central Bank, 2012). Because this system has no rules, its economic foundation has been interfered with governments and other agencies through criticism of the current fiat money system. Users of Bitcoin generally share common ideas which help to maintain Bitcoin within operation range, these include; the scheme is inspired and promoted by former gold standards, users also think that it is a starting point to end the central bank monopoly in the issuance of money, lastly the user criticize the fractional-reserve banking system. All these ideas have led to a number of issues; first, the economists criticize the Bitcoin and argue that Bitcoins are bits stored in a computer; therefore, they have no intrinsic value like gold. The other reason is that this technology fa ils to satisfy the Misean Regression Theorem (European Central Bank, 2012). Another issue about the Bitcoins is that the system is complex and not easily understandable, creating questionable doubts on the system, considering that the transactions are sent through a network minus an intermediary to maintain and validate the connection. This can lead to double spending or coin forge even with tough measures like time stamp and mining are deployed to

Letter to C.S.Lewis - A Grief Observed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter to C.S.Lewis - A Grief Observed - Essay Example I would like to raise significant insights after reading your apologetic writing â€Å"A Grief Observed† some weeks ago (Lewis 1). This is because the descriptions of incidents in the text inspired strong reactions in me. Furthermore, the writing stimulated my thinking consequently motivating me to have a conversation with you. This is because I admit that grieving after the demise of a friend or a loved one is a horrible experience for persons universally. I also admit that love causes peoples behavior to transform for better and occasionally to their detriment than any aspect of peoples life (Parrish & Parrish 61). However, my response to the text concerns offering information about people’s reaction to bereavement and their faith during such situations in my culture. Furthermore, I would like to offer information basing on how love currently adapts while faced with various challenges in the historical moments. Descriptions offered in the text â€Å"A Grief Observedà ¢â‚¬  regarding love presents some similarities and inconsistencies in my culture (Lewis 3). The bereavement as observed by the text is a challenge to love and loved ones. The demise of a loved one currently makes people in my culture feel worse off because life becomes uninteresting after such a scenario. In the present time, people can remarry after losing partners (Eldredge 117). As the author of this text, you did not consider remarrying to minimize your suffering caused by the demise of your partner. Furthermore, remaining unmarried is socially dangerous as depicted by how people treated you thereafter. It is commendable that even though you already assumed a confirmed bachelor title then at fifty six years you opted to marry a divorcee. Furthermore, you married someone you knew suffered from bone cancer a clearly risky decision. These happened because of the love that you had for Helen. Although, you attempted to assume the absence of Helen arguing that â€Å"love is not the whole of a man’s life† realities hit and your memories sprung back to her (Cassidy & Shaver 49). This shows that true love is extremely strong that it becomes exceedingly hard to forget a love one even after the demise. Presently, love adapts to such horrific incidents through remarriage and overwhelming love that people around victims offer. While applauding your courage to venture into marriage at that later date, I have to question your motive for doing so (Lewis 6). This is because I have never seen anyone marry at that age in my culture. Persons tend to find partners in much earlier ages. The love that God offers man remains unquestionable though you initially discredited this during your bereavement. The love for the welfare of other people, which God indeed has for persons he calls his children existed in you (Howell 54). The demise of Helen does not connote the absence of God’s love upon you. This is because God does not only show the love that he has ov er people by making them live continuously. Persons in my culture presently comprehend that the demise of their close partners is only a way that God fulfils his promises. The descriptions offered in the text regarding the availability of God necessarily emerge from the bereavement and the feeling that God neglects you. The text argues that seeking God in happiness with appreciation and commendation then he gladly

Marketing Products Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing Products - Assignment Example It would be ensured that the beverages would not be supplied to corporate customers in plastic bottles for environmental issues (MHHE, n.d). The ingredients of the products would be scrutinized by the marketing department and it would be ensured that the product content comply with the national health and safety guidelines. Beverages Description Cola It would be available in basic cola flavor with lesser caffeine and caramel content. It would also include additional content of vitamins, taurine, and niacin (Coca Cola, 2013a). Diet Coke This product will have lesser sugar and caramel content. The prime motive of marketing department would be to offer a sparkling drink with lesser amount of calories that will include additional mineral and vitamins (America’s Greatest Brands, 2013). Bottled Water The water will be purified in special filtration process and additional nutrients and vitamins would be included to deliver fresh taste (America’s Greatest Brands, 2013). Sparkli ng Drinks The sparkling drink would be highly concentrated with additional nutritional requirements to offer a distinctive flavor to the customers (Coca Cola, 2013). (2) Service Component of Fizzy Cola The service component will add value to the product and also enhance the brand personality and features to attract potential customers. Service is an intangible product and consists of additional features and benefits that are relevant to a specific target market (Rao, 2004).The main objective of the company would be to offer beverages in the initial stages and there would be no services offered by the company. However, the research and development team of Fizzy Cola would be the design making of machines and equipments which would have the potentiality of developing high quality beverages. One of the prime objectives would be to develop high quality filtration machinery which would purify the beverages and remove the pesticides. After the company has been able to establish itself in the market it would considers plans of providing services like downloading of free music, nutritional information etc. This would help the company to position itself strongly in the beverage market. (3) Product Mix of Fizzy Cola The product mix also popularly known as product assortment refers to the total number of product lines that a company can offer to its customers. Width: The width of the company pertains to the total number of products lines that a company offers (Suttle, 2013). For example Fizzy Cola would offer beverages in cola and varied other flavors. Hence, the product width of the company is two. Later, advanced technology may permit the company to diversify into other industries and develop further products (Suttle, 2013). Length: The product length pertains to the total number of products in a company’s product mix (Suttle, 2013). In the initial stages the company would be offering beverages in three varied flavors and juices in three basic flavors apple, man go and mixed fruit. The product length for Fizzy Cola would be six. Depth: In the initial stages the company would be offering beverages in three basic flavors and in can sizes of 8oz, 12 oz, 16 oz, and 20 oz. The product depth would be 12 in this case. Consistency: The consistency will pertain to how close the product lines

Environmental impact assessment of West field Shopping Centre in West Essay

Environmental impact assessment of West field Shopping Centre in West London - Essay Example Proper management of these is important The proponent will use qualified contractors to construct the buildings Westfield shopping Centre is located in Shepherd’s Bush, West London and is developed on a large Brownfield site which was once the location of the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition by the West Field Group. This site is bounded by the Wood Lane, the West Way and the West Cross Route. This site is part of the White City that contains many other developments in various stages. The project parameters can be represented in a flow diagram as shown in Fig.1 Roads leading to the area will experience an increase in the number of pedestrians and traffic since there will be more people in the area. It will however be able to cope with it since it coincides with several other London infrastructure projects that serve West Field and its environs. These projects include the Shepherds Bush railway station built on the West London Line, a bus and taxi rank on the Shepherd’s Bush Interchange and new cycle routes. There is also a grade-separated junction connecting to the West Cross Route and running along the site. b) Employment of about 50 – 60 workers during construction, this has the knock on effect of creating a market for food vendors as well as the obvious benefits to those who depend on the workers employed here The project helps in alleviating office problems around West Field as it seeks to provide modern buildings complete with accessories. It will provide job opportunities to many people especially during construction phase. This will have a multiplier effect with the income spreading to more people. It will open new business opportunities for grocery and other businesses in West Field. The project however calls for proper management to avoid the waste generated ending up in rivers and other waterways. It will affect the scenic value of the surrounding environment but it will add to the aesthetics of the area as well

How to Mend a Broken Heart Essay Example for Free

How to Mend a Broken Heart Essay When you get a broken heart, you have to mend your heart. Although you feel sad and don’t like to do anything, you are always cry, always thinking about someone as you love to and almost the time, you would like to be alone. But it’s not really good because something, that make you get better is going outside to open your mind, For example. First, you should go outside to see your friends because the friend will always be helpful to you, for example. They will be consultant to get you feel better and they will invite you to the party, it can help you to forget the sadness. So when you feel sad, one of all to get you better is your friends. Second, you should go outside to play the activities. Such as, exercise and play sports. These can make your body to be strong and your heart too because when you do this, you feel tried and then you don’t think much anymore. Finally, you should go to travel. Traveling can help you much because you will see something that never see and you will see or talk with someone who never know. Maybe it can make you open your mind because traveling makes you to meet new things and then you will forget the sadness. The opening your mind is the best way to help you from sadness. It’s one way to mend you a broken heart. But moreover this is you have to make your heart to be strong by yourself.

Hamlet Foils Fortinbras Essay Example for Free

Hamlet Foils Fortinbras Essay In Hamlet, one of Shakespeare’s most recognizable plays, Shakespeare portrays a great example of a literary foil between Fortinbras and Hamlet. Fortinbras, a minor character, possesses traits that emphasize Hamlet’s distinctive qualities. Fortinbras’ characteristics bring out both the worst and the best out Hamlet throughout the play. In Act IV Scene IV, Hamlet’s soliloquy points out every one of Fortinbras’ qualities that Hamlet admires. Fortinbras inspires Hamlet to be a man of action. Hamlet knows that he has been thinking too precisely on the event of killing Claudius. On the other hand, Fortinbras is ambitious and takes actions for what the believes in. For example, in the letter to the King, Young Fortinbras made it clear that he was going to get back the land his father lost. King Fortinbras’ death gave his son determination and motivation to make his father proud. Unlike Fortinbras, Hamlet just weeps over his father’s death. Hamlet continues to talk about his hatred for Claudius and vows revenge for King Hamlet’s murder, but takes no action in it. In Act III Scene III, Hamlet shows his tragic flaw, procrastination. Instead of taking advantage of the only moment Hamlet has alone with Claudius, Hamlet over thinks the situation and makes up an excuse for himself to not kill Claudius. In contrast to Hamlet’s indecisiveness, Fortinbras knows what he wants and makes it happen. For instance, for Fortinbras’ plan to invade Poland to work, he independently gathered 20,000 men for his army. Even though most of Fortinbras’ qualities contrast from Hamlet, his qualities encourage Hamlet to be at his full potential. Hamlet looked up to Fortinbras and highly respected him. Shakespeare did an excellent job of showing the foil between Fortinbras and Hamlet in his writing.

Internship Report at National Bank of Malaysia (BNM)

Internship Report at National Bank of Malaysia (BNM) Introduction My internship was performed in the Republic of Macedonia, more exactly, at its National Bank. This institution is the one that deals with the macroeconomic policies applicable in the country. These policies allow a stable and long term economic development of one country. I opted for Macedonia because it is the country of my origins, and also because I think one day I will be able to work for one of the Macedonians institutions. So this internship will help me find out how these kind of institutions really work, what is the aim of their work. Macedonia is in a transition process, that undoubtedly is always characterized by numerous difficulties, which are, in general, very similar to other countries living these same processes. The mail purpose of the government of Macedonia is the integration of the country in some international organizations such as NATO or the European Union. While its integration in NATO would secure the borders of the country, and a long term stability (as we know that some under ethnic conflicts had risen in 2001), the integration in the EU, which is far more complicated and demands a very high responsibility of the government, will boost the economic development of this small country with a little bit more than 2 million citizens. The importance of the National Bank, in terms of these integrations, is unavoidable. The Bank is responsible for the monetary policy and economy, for important indexes such as Inflation Rate, CPI (consumer price index), which indexes help to clarify the development of the country in a long term. The economic stability, and the territorial stability, are two very important things, in order that Macedonia could be part of the big European family, and become a potential country that will attract foreign investments at a much higher degree. I. Description of the institution About NBRM Organization chart Functions : the National Bank shall perform the following functions: establish and conduct the monetary policy; regulate the liquidity in the international payments; establish and conduct the Denar exchange rate policy; handle and manage the foreign exchange reserves; regulate the payment system; grant founding and operating license to a bank and a savings house and supervise the banks and savings houses; grant a license for performing services of prompt money transfer and supervise the operations of the entities performing services of prompt money transfer in accordance with a law; grant operating license to foreign exchange bureaus and supervise their operations in accordance with a law; issue banknotes and coins perform activities for the account of the central government and the government administration bodies. THE MONETARY POLICY: Monetary Policy-Design Designing of the monetary policy The National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia (NBRM) is a central bank, and accordingly, the only bank of issue in the Republic of Macedonia. Its primary objective is to maintain the price stability, thus being independent in the performance of its functions. The National Bank supports the economic policy of the country and the financial stability of the country, without jeopardizing the achievement of the main objective, and adhering to the principles of market economy. In line with the legally set functions, the NBRM designs and conducts the monetary policy at a level of the national economy. At the end of the current year, in line with the previously determined macroeconomic framework, the NBRM works out the Projection of the monetary developments for the following year, adopted by the NBRM Council. Monetary policy goals The maintenance of the price stability is a primary objective of the National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia, established by a Law. The establishment of this goal is in line with the current EU monetary policy layout, based on the empirically confirmed perceptions that the price stability creates most favorable macroeconomic environment for accelerated economic growth sustainable on a long run. Until 1999, the inflation in the Republic of Macedonia was measured through the retail prices index, while since 2000 it has been monitored by the costs of living index. In order to attain its ultimate goal, the NBRM determines an intermediary target of the monetary policy. Thus from April 1992 to September 1995, the NBRM was applying the strategy of targeting the money supply M1, as an intermediary goal of the monetary policy. Since October 1995, the NBRM has been implementing monetary strategy of targeting the nominal exchange rate of the Denar against the Deutsche Mark, i.e. against the Euro since January 2002. Accordingly, the maintenance of the Denar exchange rate stability is an intermediary goal of the monetary policy. The exchange rate targeting strategy is applied due to the following: a. the importance of the exchange rate in a small open economy (the Republic of Macedonia exchanges around 80% of the GDP with abroad); b. the need of nominal anchor for maintenance of financial discipline and credibility; c. high degree of currency substitution (over 40%) and d. exchange rate transparency and the possibility of daily monitoring by the economic agents. Money supply and money demand The money supply in the Republic of Macedonia is subordinated to the maintenance of the Denar exchange rate stability, as a nominal anchor in the economy. The amount of money supply is determined in line with the need of regular execution of goods and money transactions, i.e. the economic activity in the country. The money supply is monitored through the following monetary aggregates: M0 – reserve money (currency in circulation, banks account with the NBRM and cash in the banks vaults), M1 (currency in circulation and transaction deposits), M2 (M1, Denar and foreign exchange deposits with a maturity of up to one year), M3 (M2 and restricted deposits) and M4 (M3 and Denar and foreign exchange deposits with maturity of over one year). The movement of these aggregates is monitored in line with the adopted projection. The money demand, by the definition, is determined by the income level, the price level and the short-term and the long-term interest rates. On the basis of the prev ious practical experience, the money demand in the Republic of Macedonia is relatively unstable, primarily due to the transitory and the external shocks, as well as the effect of the currency substitution. Interest rate policy and transmission mechanism With the monetary policy being directed towards preserving the Denar exchange rate stability, the interest rates and the money supply are endogenous variables, determined by the achievement of the intermediary goal. The NBRM, through its interest rate policy, sends monetary signals to the banks, thus making efforts to influence their lending and deposit interest rates. The lowest interest rate of the NBRM is the discount rate, whereas the highest is the interest rate on the Lombard credit. Currently, the referential interest rate in the economy is the interest rate registered on the CB bills auctions, with respect to its close relation with the interest rate on the Money Market. Due to the higher liquidity in the banking system, no need of organizing credit auctions has been registered over a certain period. However, the transmission canal of the monetary policy through the interest rates in the Republic of Macedonia is still insufficiently developed, considering the insufficiently d eveloped financial market, the rigid interest rate policy of the banks and their insufficient responsiveness to the monetary signals of the NBRM. DENAR EXCHANGE RATE POLICY Exchange rate policy According to the National Bank of Macedonia Law (Official Journal of Republic Macedonia nr. 3/2002 51/2003), the National Bank of Macedonia establishes and executes the denar exchange rate policy in order to achieve the main purpose – the conservation of the price stability. Current foreign currency system According to article 33 from the currency policy law, the denar rate is determined by the simple rule of offer and demand for foreign currencies in the currency market. The denar rate in relation with the Euro is fixed by the reports from different banks that take part in the currency exchange market. As for the other foreign currency, the rate of the denar is determined by the relation between these currencies and the Euro rate, which is fixed by the European Central Bank. The buying and selling rate is calculated with the addition and deduction of 0.5%. In fact, this is the way how the National Bank of Macedonia exposes every day the approved currency rates on the Currency List. The execution of the currency policy According to the denar rate targeting strategy, as an important element, the goal and also hard task of the monetary policy is to keep stability between the denar and the Euro rates. If there are tendencies to the depreciation or appreciation of the denar, the National Bank interacts by selling or buying respectively, foreign currencies, after what the monetary strategy becomes respectively more restrictive or more expansive in relation to the projected targets. Relationship between the monetary and the currency policy There is a huge dependence between the monetary and the currency policy. It is important for the Macedonian economy to keep a stable exchange rate with the euro, in order to keep price stability in the country, which element will lead to a better life for all its citizens. In October 1995 the monetary targeting strategy was overturned, and a new strategy was embraced, called the targeted nominal denar rate strategy. With this new strategy, the rising of the money supply is transformed into an instrument that helps, directly, on the stability of the currency rate, and indirectly, on the price stability. Currency reserves When the Macedonian National Bank became independent, it had no currency reserves at all. It all began in 1992, when the National Bank began creating its own reserves. The amount of foreign currency reserves is rising permanently. While in 1992, there were around US $60 million, it became US $803 million in 2003, which represents the amount of four months of import. According to article 25 from the Law on the National Bank of Republic of Macedonia, the management of the National Reserve is in the hands of the National Bank itself. It has also to duty to prepare and consolidate reports every 6 months. On behalf of the management of the National Reserve, the National Bank, according to article 28, is loyal to the principles of awareness, liquidity and profitability. The exchangeability concept The Macedonian currency has a present exchangeability. In June 1998, Macedonia has accepted article nr. 8 of the International Monetary Funds Statute, which stated that all currents transactions between residents and non-residents can be completed freely, without restrictions. As part of this agreement between the National Bank of Macedonia and the IMF, was also the liberalization of capital transactions. The direct investments of residents abroad, and of non-residents in Macedonia, are now free, except of a taxation fee in order to register by the ministry of economy. Non-residents can now invest into any Macedonian company, to start their own companies, and to buy shares so that they can become shareholders of all enterprises listed on the Macedonian Stock Exchange (MSE 10). The profit and all the capital investments can be taken back to the non-residents place, if there are no more liabilities towards the government. Non-residents, on behalf of diplomats, and other embassy representatives, have the right to buy real estate, but under certain conditions of demand and registration at the Central Registry of Macedonia. Residents may distribute and sell native shares at foreign financial markets if he/she has the permission from the Commission of shares and financial instruments. Credit transactions are also liberalized, in and abroad the country, so that the funds can move loosely, but for that, the National Bank needs to be informed. Residents may use foreign currencies obtained from transactions made with a foreigner to clear any debt he has, or also use them in the currency market to exchange them into the national currency. In order to pay with a foreign currency abroad, a resident may â€Å"buy† these currencies in exchange offices. Other residents, such as physical persons, can also exchange their money for other purposes, not only for business. As for the opening of an account abroad, residents need to be authorized by the National Bank itself. It is possible for any non-resident to open a denar or foreign currency account, and to use it whenever he/she wants to, with no objection. But there is a limitation on the amount of payments a month, this limit is 10.000 Euros. But, in case of disorder of the balance of payments or the financial system, the National Bank can prevent the circumstances to worsen by application of some restrictions. PAYEMENTS SYSTEMS IN MACEDONIA General Features of the Payment System The payment system represents a sum of instruments, procedures and infrastructure for money transfer. It is of great importance for all economic agents since it enables fast and efficient payments in the national economy. The payment system of the Republic of Macedonia can be presented schematically as: The central bank, which runs the accounts of the deposit money institutions – the banks, is at the top of the payment system. In the payment system, the central bank has the following functions: operational, development and function of monitoring of the other payment systems in the country. The banks, which run the accounts of other legal entities and natural persons, consist the following level. Running of the accounts is decentralized – which means, each bank runs only the accounts of its clients. In order to execute and perform prompt settlement of the large value payments and urgent interbank payments, the system of the central bank is used. For netting the small value payments, a specialized institution – the Clearing House for small value payments is used, while the results of the netting are later settled in the system of the Central Bank. Start of the New Payment System On July 30, 2001, the functional implementation of one of the most complex reforms in the Republic of Macedonia, the Reform in the Payments System, commenced. This Reform is managed by a Steering Committee comprised of experts from the National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia, the Ministry of Finance, the banks, the Payment Operations Bureau and eminent professors from the Faculty of Economics in Skopje. This start represents a beginning of a new payment system designed according to the payment systems of the countries with developed market economies. The new payment system enhances the competitive component of the banks and represents a prerequisite for implementing new banking products which increase the efficiency of the banks and the banking system as a whole. The competitiveness induces new IT tendencies in the banking operations. The reform enables more efficient monitoring and management of the liquidity of individual banks, as well as better efficiency in conducting the monetary policy. The previous payment system (effective until December 31, 2001) incorporated strong static components and limitations both regarding the options, as well as technological limitations, which represented an obstacle for the future development of the financial infrastructure and the financial system as a whole. The implementation of the new payment system was encompassed a transitional period from July 30, 2001 until December 31, 2001, during which besides the implementation of the new systems, the Payment Operations Bureau continued with its operations as a specific payment system. The National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia has important functions in the new payment system, which are stipulated in the new Law on Payment Operation. BANKING SUPERVISION According to the Law on the National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia and the Banking Law, the National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia is the only supervisory authority responsible for licensing and supervision of banks and savings houses in the Republic of Macedonia. The main purpose of the supervisory function performed by the National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia is the maintenance of safe and sound banking system and protection of the depositors and other creditors that had invested their money in the banking system. The National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia has established supervisory standards that are incompliance with the international standards and practices set by the Basle Committee on Banking Supervision. Supervisory standards While performing their activities, banks are obliged to comply with the existing supervisory standards that are implemented for the purpose of limiting the banks risk exposure. The supervisory standards established and implemented by the National Bank are derived from the Basle Committees principles and the European Directives. The most important standards implemented by the National Bank are: capital adequacy, i.e. maintenance of an adequate capital base that will enable covering of the risk profile of banks. The capital adequacy ratio calculated as a ratio between the banks own funds and its risk weighted assets, must not be lower than 8%; criteria for classification of on-balance and off-balance sheet asset items of banks according to their risk level and determining adequate amount of impairments and special reserves for coverage of the banks potential and/or established losses; exposure limits as a ratio between the total on-balance and off-balance sheet exposure to a single persons and group of connected persons and the banks own funds; limits of exposure to the FX risk and the manner of managing this type of risk; limits on investments in land, buildings, equipment and equity holdings. ISSUE COINS AND BANKNOTES 1. Legal Tender in the Republic of Macedonia Legal tender in the Republic of Macedonia is the Macedonian Denar, consisting of 100 Deni. The National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia has the exclusive right of printing and issuing banknotes in the Republic of Macedonia. Macedonian banknotes in circulation (issue 1996 and 2003) :  · 5000 Denars issue 1996  · 1000 Denars issue 1996 and issue 2003  · 500 Denars issue 1996 and issue  · 100 Denars issue 1996  · 50 Denars issue 1996  · 10 Denars issue 1996 2. Printing and characteristics The lower banknote denominations of 10, 50 and 100 denars are printed in Macedonia, while the banknotes of 500 and 1000 denars (1996 issue) are printed at â€Å"Thomas de la Rue†, London. The last banknote issue of 2003, 500 and 1000 denars denominations, was also printed in TDLR. The Macedonian banknotes posses several security features like watermark, windowed-thread, intaglio print, latent image, micro-text, see-through feature, and optically variable ink. 3. Institutions which Act as cash collectors Institutions which act as cash collectors are the National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia and commercial banks. II. Internship description As I am from the Republic of Macedonia, I thought maybe doing an internship there would be a plus for me. I graduated in Macedonia in 2002, so I really wanted to go back there to an internship, which I think it was a good idea in order to put together what Ive learned at university and whats happening in the real life out there. I think it is crucial for a student, or a future graduated student, to learn and make the link between theory and real life practice in order to get ready and not surprised or shocked when first meeting life for real. The reason also why I chose Macedonia to complete my internship, is that one day after graduating in Belgium, to be able to go back there, and work for my country, which would be much easier if the internship was done there, especially at a very important institution, its National Bank. But, it is also important to say that in this kind of countries, it is difficult and complicated to find a company, private or public, that would accept a future graduated student to do his/her internship there. This is also the position of national institutions. In such countries, that are living in transition, and where this process takes so long, and has many difficulties, the problem of informal economy is very present in the everyday life. This is the reason why, it is so hard to find a company that would offer you a normal and proper internship, unless, of course, if you may know the head of the company or institution. I was, unfortunately, not in this case of knowing somebody â€Å"important† to either private or public institutions. Regardless this fact, I still applied and send the demand of such internship at the National Bank of Macedonia. It took very long to get a response from them, but it finally came positive. After this, they were some complication, especially during the 2007 summer, for me to begin with the internship. In fact, there were some procedures to respect, which were not told to me and which I didnt know. Above all, the extreme heat of that summer had an impact on the government to reduce much of the working hours, especially in its institutions. That is the reason why I could not manage to start the internship that summer. My internship could finally be done during the three months of holiday granted to last year students at ICHEC. I was accepted by the human resources manager at the Bank, who interviewed me, especially to learn about my background, such as school, political, interests on the National Bank, and so on. After that I could finally begin with the internship. I was told to begin the very next day, after signing a convention of behavior at the Bank. I was supposed to start at 8 am and finish at 4 pm, which is the work time of each functionary working at this institution. After the interview, the Human Resources Manager advised me, in relation with my interests, to do the internship in the Research and Development department of the National Bank. It was a little confusing, because in general, students are allowed to come for their internships a few hours during working days, while I was invited to go there all day long. It was a something I didnt expected at all when I applied for this internship. But the conditions were given by them, so I did not wanted to react about that. But it was not the best manner to execute and learn about my topic. When I begun the internship, I had the task to read the reports that are issued by the National Bank itself. Actually, I didnt understand why I had to do this, but everybody told me they had done so when they started work at the Bank. It was also the way internship students started at this institution. It was a little confusing, but I had to rely on this task. This reading of the reports helped me though to learn further more of the different indexes that are studied, and their importance in order to measure the development of the macroeconomic policy of Macedonia. But I would have been more satisfied if I was told before beginning this internship to do so, in order to not waste my time reading during my internship, which was limited in time. First, I had a topic that seemed very clear and comprehensive to me. But after a few days at the Bank, I understood that something had to be changed in this topic because as I was entering my internship everyday more and more, I could see that my topic was too vast, and it could not really help me for my final paper, which would be related with the internship. After many consultations with my internship advisor, and also with participation of the head of the sector, I decided to somehow change my topic. At the beginning, I was opting for a study about the macroeconomic indexes, such as Inflation Rate, Unemployment Rate, CPI (consumers price index), etc. These indexes are studied and performed by the National Bank of course. But as I said, it was really a vast topic, which could have gone nowhere, and finally not helped me much to the purpose of the internship. So I opted for a change. This change was more directed towards the energy sector of Macedonia, and how energy has an influence on the economy of this country. This idea came, as I said, after consulting people working there, but above all, after attending on a presentation performed by a professor of the Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje for the National Bank. The professor presenting was Dr. VlaÃ… ¡ko ÄŒingoski, and the topic: The Electro-energetic Situation and Perspectives of Republic of Macedonia. The presentation was mainly on the problems concerning the energetic sector of Macedonia, from its independence until today, the current situation of energy and also the most probable and real manners to overcome the negative balance on this sector. This presentation really opened my path, and helped me a lot into finding a new and more specific topic for my final paper. Other presentations regarding energy, and the energetic sector concerning Macedonia were performed after. I attended all of them, as my interest was since balancing toward this topic. I was allowed though to be present at these meetings, so it helped me further more in my focusing. The other presentations were performed also by professors, or people working in the management of electro-energetic companies. But my internship wasnt all about attending presentations, and taking notes of them. As I said, I was accepted at the Research and Development department of the Bank. This department, which was the one where my main advisor worked, is the principal responsible for the construction, consolidation, editing, and writing the annual, trimester, monthly, and even two-weekly reports concerning the development of the economical situation of Macedonia, and comparing them to other countries, mainly from the Balkans. These reports have different parts, in general. The first part, concerns the economic development in a global point of view. Next we have the development of Macedonia, then the monetary development, the capital market, etc. Generally speaking, they are specific teams that work on a specific part of these reports, but the teams can sometimes change. My main advisor was more active on determining and calculating macroeconomic indexes, and then, comparing them with the same indexes of one specific period of last year, or same periods in the past. That was in general his role, and the one of his team. In fact, I was introduced at his computer to see how things are going, working thus with these indexes. All indexes were calculated via Microsoft Excel, and a software, which is frequently used by National Banks in the region and wider, called eViews. I was not able to have this software on my computer, as it is a program only the National Bank of Macedonia may use. This is why I couldnt really get deep into this software, in order to understand how it works, and what data or information it offers. So, the whole things was to take right data, transform and calculate them into indexes, compare them with same indexes of past periods, design different graphics and tables so that it is more comprehensive to the reader, and finally do the interpretation of the results. The data I mentioned before, which are the base of these indexes, are delivered from the Statistical Office of Macedonia. It is this office that has almost all statistical data for the population living and working in Macedonia. It also has information about the housing sector, which is important to calculate some indexes, such as inflation and CPI. Then, I was able to start and calculate myself some basic and simple indexes, but mostly, I was asked to compare them with the past permofmances. This is not a very difficult task to do, as I have had many statistical classes during my study years both in Macedonia and Belgium. But I have to say that, my internship was far from what I was expecting. I am conscious that the period I was able to do the internship, was a full working period. Everybody there was working at high speed to finalize the annual report of 2007, which is the most important, and also most voluminous of all. So, they had not very much time to spend with me and my internship. In general, this internship enabled me to see what the sector works in real terms, and also, it was very important for me that I was able to have access to the Banks library, and also to many publications that I saved, which helped me analyze the data that interested me more after I was done with the internship. III. Technical Part Introduction As I mentioned in the introduction of this internship report, I was first keen on studying the macroeconomic indexes that the National Bank of Macedonia uses in order to develop its reports (annually, monthly, even 2 weekly reports) that are required by many organizations such as World Bank, the ECB, the International Energy Agency, etc. But after some time, I realized I should be focusing more on one specific matter, and that was the energetic sector of Macedonia. I think the problem of energy, globally speaking, is becoming more and more an important issue, that is undoubtedly an unavoidable factor for the economic growth and development of one country. Especially, in countries such as Macedonia, who arent very rich in natural resources, this situation can have a huge impact, having in mind that these countries are highly dependent on the import of energy producing products. The reason why I chose this topic to study is, that it is a problem everybody talks about in these days, as we are conscious of the high prices of oil in the recent months. This is another important factor that pushes the issue of the Macedonian energetic sector just further. This study provides an overview of the investment and policy choices in the Macedonian energy sector. On the investment side, the study highlights the criteria under which potential investments in a new Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant and a new coal mine should proceed. The Report focuses on reforms that would be required to support the CHP project, namely ratification by Macedonia of the Kyoto Protocol and resolution of ownership issues related to the gas pipeline linking