The Factors Determinant Tax Revenue In Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5434 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Malaysia is a federation of 13 States and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan. The Federal Constitution contains special provisions regarding sources of revenue that are assigned to the Federal and the State governments. Those that are assigned to the State governments include revenue fom land, forest, mining, entertainment, water supply, bank interests, returns from investments, fines including forfeitures (other than imposed by Federal Courts) and fees for licences and permits (but not licences relating to motor vehicles and registration of businesses). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Factors Determinant Tax Revenue In Malaysia" essay for you Create order All other revenues, not specifically assigned to the states, are Federal Government revenues. Taxation become crucial economic tools to govern economics for any country, especially to developing countries like Malaysia. With the rapid trend toward globalization and internationalization, the pattern of tax revenues and economic growth accross countries has become a significant concern to economists. Recently, Malaysia has also performed well and shows the similar growth pattern in economy. Therefore, fund collected from taxation used by the government to provide facilities for its population and for the development of the nation. Other than that income tax is one of the surest way to make sure the Government fund is available for spending. Inland Revenue Board (IRB) has play their main role as an agent of Malaysian Government and to provide services in administering, assessing, collecting, and enforcing payment of income tax and other revenue as may be agreed between Government andd the Board. For many years, the Inland Revenue Board (IRB) has presumed that its activities promote better tax collection starting from Official Assessment System (OAS) until Self Assessment System (SAS). Malaysia Federal Government revenues are broadly classified as tax revenues, non-tax revenues and non-revenue receipts. Tax revenues include both Direct and Indirect Taxes. Direct taxes are collected by the Inland Revenue Board (IRB) and includes taxes such as income tax on individuals and corporations, petroleum income tax, stamp duty and real property gains tax. While for indirect taxes the responsibility of collection is taken by the Royal Customs and Excise Department. Indirect taxes include import duties, export duties, excise duties, sales tax, service tax and last but not least; goods and services tax (GST) that replace sales tax and service tax. Non-tax revenues of Malaysian Government consists of fees for issue of licences and permits, fees for specific services, proceeds from sale of government assets, rental of government property, bank interests, returns from Government investments (including gains from sales of investments) fines and forfeitures. The non-revenue receipts consist mainly of repayments and reimbursements such as refunds of overpayments in previous years and repayment of loans from the Federal Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Consolidated Fund (Revenue Account) received from other Federal Government Agencies and State Governments. The trend of tax collection in Malaysia is inconsistent, changing upward and downward depending upon economic conditions. However, over a 30 period, most years show an increasing incremental in total collection. The exceptions are when there is an abnormal economic condition such as financial crisis, war or increase in world oil prices. During the early stages of its development which is in year 1960, Malaysia similar with most developing countries relied heavily on indirect taxes accounted for 76.7% (Kasipillai, 2006). However as the economy developed and with the tax reform less reliance was placed on indirect tax which starting from year 1999 the major contribution to government revenue is come from direct tax (69%). In 2008 the collection of direct tax represents 52% of the Government total revenue (Economic Planning Unit, Ministry of Finance and Bank Negara Malaysia). It is believed that the encouraging growth in Gross Gomestic Product (GDP) in 2009 stood at 23% contribute positively to the national revenue collection (9MP). After brief introduction the remainder of this paper is structured as follow. Chapter 2 provide some sort of literature review regarding all the variables included in this research. Chapter 3 consist of research methodology and design, data collection, theoretical framework, hypothesis statement, and data analysis. Chapter 4 provides data description and result analysis and finally in section 5 gives conclusion and summary of the study. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Tax is the main sources of income for government. Tax is defined as a fee charged (levied) by a government on a product, income, or activity. If tax is levied directly on personal or corporate income, then it is direct tax. If tax is levied on the price of a good or services, then it is called an indirect tax. Malaysia is a very tax friendly country compared than the others. Income tax comparaly low and many taxes which are raised in other countries, do not exist in Malaysia. All earnings of companies and individuals acccumulated in, derived from or remitted to Malaysia are liable to tax. Government will used this tax revenues to fund all spending made by government in order to achieve an economic growth and also to promote a sound of economy. Government will present their budget in Parliament around September each year. Determination of budget is based on estimation of government revenue and spending. An increase in government revenue will increase the allocation for government spending. The tax rate is one of the components in government budget. The government will decide whether to increase or decrease the tax rate or to remain unchage based on the goals of government in each budget every year. Definition Of Terms Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. It is also define as an economic measurement that monitors the overall income and output of a country. It is a way to interpret the overall prosperity of the economy. It is culculated on an annual basis with quarterly updates. The data produced by GDP is interpreted in number of ways. Some use it to measure the productivity of the country, in that it shows how much product was produced and sold. Others use it to measure the general health of the economy and the standard of living of those living in it. Inflation Rate Inflation rate is a measure of inflation, the rate of increase of a price index. It is the percentage rate of change in price level of time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. The used of inflation rate is to culculate the real interest rate, as well as real increases in wages. When interest rate are high, fewer people and businesses can afford to borrow and it will usually slows the economy down. Unemployment The definition of unemployment is an economic condition marked by the fact that individuals actively seeking jobs remain unhired. Unemployment is an important measure of the economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strength. A high unemployment rate generally indicates an economy in recession with few job opportunities, while a low unemployment rate points to an economy running at or near full throttle. Openness The meaning of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“opennessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? has become similar to the notion of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“free-tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, that is a trade system where all trade distortions are eliminated. Openness also means the extent to which an economy is open to trade, and sometimes also to inflows and outflows of international investment. The openness here means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?trade opennessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? that consist of imports and exports from a large percentage of GDP. PROBLEM STATEMENT Malaysia is facing budget deficit every year since government expenditure exceed government revenue. If the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s budget are not sufficient, some of the macroeconomic factors canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be achieved. Government cannot reduce unemployment and inflation rate and also cannot increase the economic growth and promote currency stability if they cannot reach a sufficient budget to cover all the expenditure. Tax is the main component of government revenue that will use to finance all the government expenditure to stabilize the economy. The expenditure here means the used of governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s revenue for the development and operational expenditure that will bring an economic growth. This study is undertaken to discover factors determinant of tax revenue which are independent variables namely Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation rate, unemployment and openness (trade) on dependent variable which is tax revenue. It tries to grasp those variables volatility impact on tax revenue in a given economic environment and horizon. Besides, this study was brought up to strenghten tho prove of previous similar study. However, due to the changing environmentof the economy, past researchers cannot be deem a suitable for current application. There is a need to revise the findings from the previous researchers, so it is consistent with current economic situation. The horizon of the research will cover from 1995 to the ending 2009. From this, all the indpendent variables are important towards dependent variable. Therefore the problem statement for this study is which variables that have strongly positive significant relationship towards tax revenue? RESEARCH QUESTION In order to realize the factors determining tax revenue, this question must be taken into consideration. The question is: What is the relationship between GDP and tax revenue? What is the relationship between Inflation rate and tax revenue? What is the relationship between Unemployment and tax revenue? What is the relationship between Openness and tax revenue? This question must be taken into consideration because the questions will answer the overall study and to make sure whether the problem lies within this factor or the others factor. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY General objectives The general objective of this study is to identify the factors determine tax revenue in Malaysia from year 1990 to 2009 which is 20 years. Specific objectives To know what are the factors that will increase or reduce the total tax revenue collected by government. To determine whether growth in GDP significantly affect tax revenue collected by government. To determine whether inflation in Malaysia significantly affect tax revenue collected by government. To determine whether unemployment in Malaysia significantly affect tax revenue collected by government. To determine whether the degree of openness in Malaysia significantly affect total tax revenue collected by the government. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This research study can help the researcher to determine the most significant independent variables to the dependent variable. From this study, it can help the relevant parties to know which variables can give influence to the tax revenue collected government. The findings from this research can provide the information to the other researcher for future research that is similar or related with this study. SCOPE OF STUDY The scope of study is as follow: This study focus on factors determining tax revenue collected by government. The data will be collected from 1990 to 2009 which is twenty years in yearly. Four variables are choosen which are GDP, inflation rate, unemployment, and openness. Software that used as a regression tool is Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 16.0. LIMITATIONS OF STUDY Cost Cost also becomes one of the limitations in doing this research because the researcher needs to bear all the cost and expenses in completing this research without getting any sponsorship. The cost that incurred such as stationeries expenses, photocopying, printing, transportation expenses and others are fully support by the researcher. Choice of Variables Choice of variables is the other limitation of the study. There have many variables that are determinants tax revenue and the researcher need to choose the exact variables so that it is suitable with the dependent variable. The variables that are choosen in this study are GDP, inflation rate, unemployment, and openness. Data Collection Data collection is one of the limitation of the study. The data covered a period of twenty years which is from 1990 to 2009 in yearly. Besides that, there have difficulties while choosing the exact journal and literature review that are strongly support all the variables. Accuracy of Data Accuracy also become a limitation of the study. Researcher used secondary sources in conducting this stdudy to collect data. The secondary sources such as annual reports, books, article, journal that the researcher found from internet and library. So, the accuracy of data depend from all the secondary sources that found in various materials. It means that, the researcher trying to maintain the originality and quality of the journal but the data needed depend on the materials. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWS The amount of literature that directly deals with an analysis of factors that determine tax revenue collected by government in Malaysia is fairly limited. Minea and Villieu (2009), in their research show theoretically that a tighter monetary policy should induce the government to improve institutional quality in order to limit the erosion of tax revenue. The model developed by them exhibits two interesting results. First, by finding an inverse relationship between the level of effort and the inflation target, the authors show that the lower the inflation target is, the higher the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effort in enhancing the quality of its institutions will be. In other words, by setting a lower inflation target, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“supra-authorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? encourages the fiscal authority to intensify its effort to implement a more efficient tax-collecting administration in order to recoup the loss of seigniorage revenue due to a tighter monetary policy. Effectively, a decrease in the inflation target reduces the interval in which governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effort is minimal and increases the interval in which the effort in improving institutional quality is maximal. To conclude, it is important to note that the incentive of the government to improve the collection of tax revenue could be nonetheless diminished by a significant decrease of inflation rate. Huang and Wei (2006) extended the model developed by modifying the principal-agent setup and by incorporating an indicator of financial development and social welfare function. They conclude that, conditionally to the cost of institutional reforms, pursue a low inflation target encourages the government to increase the performance of its tax collection system. Therefore the adoption of Inflation Targeting in emerging countries is expected to exert a positive effect on tax revenue collection. Indeed, empirical literature has provided evidence that tax revenue is negatively affected by inflation, the so-called Olivera-Tanzi effect (Tanzi, 1992). This inverse relationship is usually explained by the fact that the real value of tax revenue is erode by inflation, since it exists for some tax categories a time-lag between the date of imposition and the effective collection of these taxes. Therefore, by theoretically maintaining inflation at low levels, and therefore by increasing the real value of tax revenue, Inflation Targeting may attenuate the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tax collection effort. Lucotte (2010), used a methodology suggested by Dehejia and Wahba (1999) which consists of dropping treated observations whose the propensity score is higher than the maximum or smaller than the minimum in the control group. The result shows that the estimated average treatment effect on treated (ATT) are all found to be positive and statistically significant. This suggests that, on average, Inflation Targeting has a quantitatively large and statistically significant impact on increasing public revenue in emerging market economies. This result largely support their hypothesis that the adoption of Inflation Targeting may encourage the government to improve the collection of tax revenue. Clausing (2007), analyze the impact of the size and the profitability of the corporate sector on revenues from corporate tax. The result of her regression analysis confirm that the share of the value added of the corporate sector, profit level GDP per capita and GDP growth have a positive impact on revenues from corporate tax, whereas the unemployment level has a negative impact. Kubatova and Rihova (years of study are not stated), found that all of their examined factors (GDP growth, inflation and unemployment) were statistically significant. Along with the growth of GDP comes the growth of revenues from corporate tax. Inflation also has a similar effect. Conversely, higher unemployment leads to a decrease of the revenues from corporate tax. Qazi (2010), in his paper attempts to search the determinants of tax buoyancy of 25 developing countries. He found that growth in import and manufacturing sectors have positive and significant impact on tax buoyancy which shows with the increase in growth of import sector tax revenue collection increases through import duties, tariff, sales tax on import stage and withholding income tax at import stage. Saeed, Ahmad and Akhtar (2010), have studied the impact of corruption index on the tax revenues over 27 developing countries and use annual data for the 2002 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2006 periods found that GDP per capita is positive but it is significance at 12 percent level. The coefficient of the ratio of exports and imports (openness) to GDP is positive but not significance at even 10 percent level. CHAPTER THREE 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN RESEARCH DESIGN 3.1.1 Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to determine the factors determinant tax revenue in Malaysia namely Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation rate, unemployment and openness. 3.1.2 Research Interference Most of the data used in this study are obtained from the secondary sources from various resources that have been analyzed. The data are collected from an internet resources. 3.1.2.1 Accuracy and Data Reliability Multiple regression analysis and a correlation research design are selected as the method of this study in order to investigate the variables that are associated with the problem. Two random variables are positively correlated if high values of one are likely to be associated with high values of the other and negatively correlated if high values of one are likely to be associated with low values of the other known as correlation. A statistical method used with one dependent variable and more than one independent variable known as multiple regression analysis. Thus, the accuracy and the data reliability of the data may partly depend on the published materials. 3.1.3 Study Setting Secondary data from various resources have been analyzed. Research here is a field study where it is non contrive setting with minimial interference. 3.2 DATA COLLECTION In completing this study, data is the most important thing needed. From the data collected, the researcher can make analysis and interpret the output to find out the result. Secondary Data It refer to the data collected by someone for some other purposes. The sources include census reports, organizational records, surveys and annual reports. This secondary data used by the researcher to gain the idea and information to develop the literature review and complete this study. 3.2.1.1 Internet and website Google Search The major sources that the researcher choose to find and gather journal that related with this study. This website are useful to the reasercher because help the researcher to gain the information about this study. 3.2.1.2 Library Research The researcher find the journal and books through the library reserach. Some of the information from journals and published materials can be used as references to the researcher to get a better picture of the situation. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INDEPENDENT VARIABLES GDP Tax Revenue Inflation Rate DEPENDENT VARIABLE Unemployment Openness Figure 1.0: Theoretical Framework Based on the figure 1.0 above, it shows the relationship between the dependent variable which is Tax Revenue and the independent variables that includes Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Inflation Rate, Unemployment and Openness (trade). All these independent variables will be test to determine the relationship among these independent variables and dependent variables. 3.3.1 Priory Relationship 1. GDP and Tax Revenue : if GDP increase, the total tax revenue collected by government will also increase. This two variable have a positive relationship. 2. Inflation Rate and Tax Revenue : if an inflation rate increase, the total tax revenue collected by government will decrease. This two variable have a negative relationship. 3. Unemployment and Tax Revenue : if unemployment increase, the total tax revenue collected by government will decrease. This two variable have a negative relationship. 4. Openness and Tax Revenue : if the degree of openness increase, the total tax revenue collected by government will also increase. This two variable have a positive relationship. HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT The purpose of the hypothesis statement is to illustrates which of the hypothesis is most affect the dependent variable. The hypothesis are: H0 : GDP is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia H1 : GDP is statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. H0 : Inflation is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia H1 : Inflation is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. H0 : Unemployment is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. H1 : Unemployment is indeed statistically significant to affect tax Revenue in Malaysia. H0 : Openness is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. H1 : Openness is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. DATA ANALYSIS In this study, the data analysis need to be explained clearly. The data also consists of independent variable and dependent variable which is GDP, inflation rate, unemployment and openness . Pearson coefficient of correlation is used to the extent of relationship among different variables. All the data has been analyzed by using Statistical package Science for Social (SPSS) program. The data will be examine by: Beta analysia (Coefficient) To find out the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. Does the relationship exist or not. Coefficient of Determination (R-squared) To know how well the independent variables explain the variation of the dependent variable in the regression. T-Statistic Identify significant relationship of each independent variable with the dependent variable F-Statistic Testing the significance of the overall independent variables with the dependent variable Standard Error of Estimation (See) The objective is to identify whether a particular variableis significant at a certain level of confidence. Multiple Regression Analysis TR = f ( GDP, Inf, Un, Op )This technique will focus on a relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variable. The regression analysis help the researcher to understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variable is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. TR = a + b1 GDP + b2 Inf + b3 Un + b4 Op + Ɇº Where: TR = Tax Revenue GDP = Gross Domestic Product Inf = Inflation Rate Un = Unemployment Op = Openness The dependent variable in the above equation is tax revenue while the independent variables are GDP, inflation rate, unemployment and openness. Beta Analysis (Coefficient) Beta analysis is a measurement used in order to find out the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable does exist or not. Therefore, if the result is positive that means the independent variables can explain the changes in the dependent variable. Coefficient of Determination (R ²) The coefficient of determination is a statistic that will give information the goodness of fit of model. It is a statistical measure of how well the regression line approximates the real data points. Is a descriptive measure between zero and one, indicating how good one term is at predicting another. The value of coefficient of determination is shown below: Range of R ² Strength of relationship No relationship with dependent variable 0.1 to 0.5 Weak relationship between independent variables and dependent variable 0.6 to 0.9 Dependent variable is strongly explained by independent variables 1 Dependent variable ia perfectly explained by Independent variables T-Statistic T-statistic is used to determine whether the significance between the dependent variable and the independent variables exists or not. If the computed T-stat is greater than book T-value, the independent variable is statistically significant or vice-versa. In order to get book T-value, the degree of freedom should be culculated at a 95% confidence interval. The degree of freedom can be calculated as follow: Degree of freedom = n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" k à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 Where: k = Number of Independent Variable n = Number of Observation The results for T-statistic: Accept H1, reject H0 If the computed t-statistic is greater than the book T-value at a 95% confidence interval. Reject H1, accept H0 If the computed t-statistic is lower than the book T-value at a 95% confidence interval. F-Statistic F-test is an overall test of the null hypothesis that group means on the dependent variable do not differ. It is used when comparing statistical models that have been fit to a data set, in order to identify the model that best fit the popultaion from which the data were sampled. F-test mainly arise when the models have been fit to the data using least squares. In order to get book F-value, it should be culculated at a 5% significant level. Formula for book F-value is as follow: Book F-value = FÃŽÂ ± (k à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1, n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" k) Where: ÃŽÂ ± = Significant level (5%) k = Number of Independent Variable n = Number of Observation k à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 = Numerator n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" k = Denominator The result for F-Statistics: Accept H1, reject H0 If the computed F-Statistic is greater than the book F-value at 5% significant level. Reject H1, accept H0 If the computed F-Statistic is lower than the book F-value at 5% significant level. 3.5.6 Standard Error of Estimation (See) It is a measure of the dispersion of tthe data points from the regression line. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objective is to identify whether a particular variable is significant at a certain level of confidence. Standard error can be measured in two ways: Using T-stat See = b t-stat Degree of freedom Df = n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" k à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 It is also useful in determining the range in which the dependent variable will point to a specified probability. CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 DATA DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS This chapter focuses on the data description and result analysis. All the data collected in this study were processed using Microsoft Office Excel and the SPSS program. Microsoft Office Excel was used to describe the performance of dependent variable and independent variables. SPSS program was used to analyze the data from the correlation and regression analysis. The method was used to analyze the data was Multiple Regression Correlation Analysis. A multiple regression analysis involves more than one independent variable. The process of evaluating is the same with simple regression, but in order to derive the estimated regression, a computer is employed due to the complex nature of data and time required. The presentation of findings is made to examine the relationship among independent variables (GDP, inflation, unemployment and openness) and dependent variable (tax revenue). This study used Multiple Regression Method Analysis which is the interpretation of Regression Analysis includes Beta Analysis (Coefficient), Coefficient of determination (R-Squared), T-statistics and F-statistics. 4.1 DATA DESCRIPTION Dependent Variable Figure 1 Independent Variables Figure 2 Gross Domestic Product is the value at current prices of the total annual output of final goods and services produced in a country. .. Figure 3 Inflation rate is the percentage annual increase in the general price level, commonly measured by the consumer price index (CPI) or some comparable price index. . Figure 4 Unemployment rate is Figure 5 Openness is 4.2 INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND FINDINGS 4.2.1 Research Analysis From the data obtained, it shows the result of regression output as stated in Table 1 as follows: Table 1 Variables Constant GDP Inflation Unemployment Openness Beta Analysis -144980.369 13.481 1657.557 5860.522 -572.845 T-statistics 8.284 5.562 3.435 2.643 7.017 R-squared : 0.990 F-statistics : 358.696 Standard error of estimation : 6122.50419 4.2.2 Regression Equation From the result obtained, we can derive the regression linear function as follows: General function: TR = f ( GDP, Inf, Un, Op ) Multiple Regression Equation: TR = a + b1 GDP + b2 Inf + b3 Un + b4 Op + Ɇº TR = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 144980.369 + 13.481 GDP + 1657.557 Inf + 5860.522 Un à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 572.845 Op + Ɇº 4.3 RESULT OF FINDINGS 4.4.1 Beta Analysis (Coefficient) Beta analysis is a measurement used in order to find out whether a relationship exists between the independent variables and the dependent variable. Table 2: The result of beta analysis Variables Beta Analysis GDP 13.481 Inflation 1657.557 Unemployment 5860.522 Openness -572.845 Beta analysis for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) From the results obtained, it shows that when GDP increase by 1 unit, tax revenue will increase by 13.481 units. The increase in GDP will raised the total tax revenue collected by government. It shows that this two variable have a positive relationship and consistent with the economic theory. This is because .. Beta analysis for Inflation From the results obtained, it shows that an increase of 1 unit in inflation can explain an increase of 1657.557 units in tax revenue. The increase in inflation will increase the total tax revenue collected by government. It shows that this two variable have a positive relationship and not consistent with the economic theory. This is because .support dengan LR. Beta analysis for Unemployment From the results obtained, it shows that when an unemplyment increase by 1 unit, tax revenue will increase by 5860.522 units. The increase in an unemployment will raised the total tax revenue collected by government. It shows that this two variable have a positive relationship and not consistent with the economic theory. This is because . support dengan LR. Beta analysis for Openness From the results obtained, it shows that when an openness increase by 1 unit, tax revenue will decrease by 572.845 units. The increase in an openness will reduced the total tax revenue collected by government. It shows that this two variable have a negative relationship and not consistent with the economic theory. This is because . support dengan LR. 4.4.2 Coefficient of Determination (R-squared) Coefficient of determination or R-squared measures what percentage of a change in the dependent variable can be measured or explained by the change in the independent variables. It is also explains the level of the explanatory power. If R-squared = 0 (no explanatory power) This means that none of the change in the dependent variable can be measured by the change in the independent variables. The estimated equation is useless. If R-squared = 1 (full explanatory power) This means 100% of the change in the dependent variable can be explained by the change in the independent variables. From the results obtained, it shows that R-squared is 0.990. This means that 99% change in the dependent variable can be explained by the change in independent variables. However, 1% can be explained by other variables. This means that the dependent variable is strongly explained by independent variables. Besides, it also has an accepted higher explanatory power by 99%. 4.4.3 T-statistic T-statistic is used to determine whether the significance between the dependent variable and the independent variables exists or not. If the computed T-stat is greater than book T-value, the independent variable is statistically significant or vice-versa. In order to get book T-value, the degree of freedom should be culculated at a 95% confidence interval. Degree of freedom = n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" k à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 = 20 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 = 15 From the T-distribution table, the book T-value is 2.131 at 95% confidence interval level. Table 3: The results of T-statistic Variables T-statistics Findings GDP 5.562 2.131 Significant Inflation 3.435 2.131 Significant Unemployment 2.643 2.131 Significant Openness 7.017 2.131 Significant T-statistic for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) From the results obtained, the culculated T-value is higher than the book T-value (5.562 2.131) at a 95% confidence interval. H0 : GDP is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. H1 : GDP is statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. Therefore, we accept H1 and reject H0 because gross domestic product (GDP) is statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. T-statistics for Inflation From the results obtained, the culculated T-value is higher than the book T-value (3.435 2.131) at a 95% confidence interval. H0 : Inflation is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia H1 : Inflation is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. Therefore, we accept H1 and reject H0 because inflation is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. T-statistics for Unemployment From the results obtained, the culculated T-value is higher than the book T-value (2.643 2.131) at a 95% confidence interval. H0 : Unemployment is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. H1 : Unemployment is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. Therefore, we accept H1 and reject H0 because unemployment is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. T-statistics for Openness From the results obtained, the culculated T-value is higher than the book T-value (7.017 2.131) at a 95% confidence interval. H0 : Openness is not statistically significant to affect tax revenue In Malaysia. H1 : Openness is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. Therefore, we accept H1 and reject H0 because openness is indeed statistically significant to affect tax revenue in Malaysia. 4.4.4 F-statistics F-statistic is used to test the hypothesis that the variation in the independent variables explained a significant portion of the variation in the dependent variable. The formula of book F-value is as follow: Book F-value = FÃŽÂ ± (k à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1, n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" k) = F0.05 (5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1, 20 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 5) = F0.05 (3, 16) Numerator Denominator From the F-distribution table, the book F-value is 3.06. The culculated F-statistic is 358.696 3.06 that means all the independent variables (GDP, Inf, Un and Op) are said to be statistically significant. H0 : All the independent variables are not significant enough to affect total tax revenue collected by government in Malaysia. H1 : All the independent variables are significant enough to affect total tax revenue collected by government in Malaysia. From the results obtained, we accept H1 and reject H0 since there is significance for the overall model. 4.4.5 Standard error of estimation (See) It is a measure of the dispersion of the data points from the regression line. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objective is to identify whether a particular variable is significant at a certain level of confidence. Standard error of estimation can be measured in two ways by using T-statistic and degree of freedom. It also useful in determining the range which dependent variable will point to within a specified probability. From the results obtained, the standard error of estimation is 6122.50419, which means the smaller the standard error, the closer the data points are to the regression line.

Immigration Reform For Illegal Immigrants - 2343 Words

Immigration is a controversial topic among many people in the United States today. A lot of people from different countries often settle in the United States in search of jobs, freedom or a better life in general. The United States has become a hot spot for immigrants because it has much to offer for people seeking a better life. The Immigration Reform Bill has been created in order to make illegal immigrant legal citizen of the United States. This Immigration Reform Bill provides a process for illegal immigrants to become citizens without any penalties. President Obama has come up with the bill that he believes will solve the immigration problem that been affecting the United Sates in the past years. Obama thinks that if illegal†¦show more content†¦border in order to find a better life. This leads to a harsher border control and more selective visa distribution for legal immigrants. There has been a debate that illegal immigrants harm the U.S. economy. Indeed, the United States makes it very hard for legal immigrants to obtain U.S. citizenship, so some people that are seeking a better life have no other options rather than come into the country illegally. In order to get your citizenship, you have to go through a lot of paper work that costs a lot of money and time. I believe that legal migrants are boosting the U.S. economy by paying all the taxes and money for the paper work that they are required to go through. At the same time, illegal immigrants make a negative impact on the U.S. economy. The cost of securing the border is very high, so Americans end up spending more money in order to prevent illegal immigration break down. The efforts to stop the large amounts of migrants make the security problem worse by forcing migrant workers to work illegally. By creating the Immigration Reform Bill, the U.S. can improve their economy in many ways. First, increased immigration expands the American workforce and encourages more business start-ups. Second , the policy increases financial productivity by raising the supply of low and high skilled immigrants. While many people will argue that granting citizenship to illegal immigrants is considered breaking the law, sometimes it is cheaper and more

Upton Sinclairs Purpose in Writing The Jungle Essay

Upton Sinclairs Purpose in Writing The Jungle Upton Sinclair wrote this book for a couple of reasons. First and foremost, he tries to awaken the reader to the terrible living conditions of immigrants in the cities around the turn of the century. Chicago has the most potent examples of these conditions. Secondly, he attempts to show the advantages of socialism in helping to remedy the problems of a society such as the one that exists in Chicago at this time. Sinclair accomplishes his objectives with an extremely powerful story. Jurgis Rudkus and his family seem to be an average immigrant family of the period. They are not wealthy and they are easily fooled by schemes designed to take what little they have. The†¦show more content†¦This leads to very dangerous working conditions. As Jurgis finds out, even the slightest accident can lead to the loss of a job. After his recovery from a sprained ankle, Jurgis must join the thousands in the streets looking for work. The way that the family must live leads to the death of several of the family members. Among these are Jurgis father, Dede Antanas; his wife, Ona; and his son, little Antanas. After these tragedies, Jurgis leaves Chicago for a time, and hobos it in the country. In doing this, he finds a way of life that is similar to the one which he left in Lithuania. In the winter, however, Jurgis must return to the city. Upon his return, he sees the other side of the coin. He becomes involved in crime, graft, and vote buying. He is now the man who goes around registering new immigrants to vote, and pays them money for it. Jurgis finds that there is a comfortable living to be made doing this. However, he is still confronted with the problem of fleeting success. During this period, much racial unrest in present in the country. People do not like immigrants, because they take the jobs and they drink too much. Sinclair addresses both of these gripes in his book. The speeding-up is the reason that the jobs go to immigrants, who are willing to work for anything. The living conditions are the reason for the excessive drinking, according to Sinclair. Jurgis most stay out of the cold of winterShow MoreRelatedUpton Sinclair and His Influence on Society Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesUpton Sinclair, the famous American author, wanted to be a great influence on society. He was born in 1878 in Baltimore, Maryland, from a family of Southern aristocracy. His father was an alcoholic and his mother came from a wealthy family. When Sinclair was ten, the family moved to New York. His father sold hats and spent his evenings in bars coming home drunk every night. As a child, Sinclair was an excellent reader and scholar. By the age of fourteen, he began writing in his spare time. Read MoreRhetorical Analysis of the Jungle Essay example872 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle The Jungle, being a persuasive novel in nature, is filled with different rhetorical devices or tools used by Sinclair to effectively convey his message. Sinclair’s goal of encouraging change in America’s economic structure is not an easy feat and Sinclair uses a number of different rhetorical devices to aid him. Through his intense tone, use of periodic sentencing, descriptive diction and other tools of rhetoric, Upton Sinclair constructs a movingRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties And Progressivism2694 Words   |  11 Pageswithout Progressivism. An ideal example of the relationship between the Roaring Twenties and Progressivism is found in two novels, Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. In approximately 515 pages combined, the entire era is put on display. The Great Gatsby shows the charm and fortune associated with the Roaring Twenties, and The Jungle shows the corrupt and monopolistic features of the era. Mutually, these novels provide a realistic window for future generations toRead MoreThe Jungle, by Upton Sinclair Essay649 Words   |  3 PagesThe Jungle, by Upton Sinclair, became an instant classic in 1906, and has become possibly one of the most referenced books in history and political science classrooms all over the United States, according to Dustin LaBarge (LaBarge para.1). Sinclair’s novel has generated worldwide awareness of the repulsive meat-packing industry. I found the book intriguing, because of the detail that was added in to make sure nothing was left out. There were moments of the story that were too detailed in my opinionRead MoreEric Schlossers Fast Food Nation And The Jungle1698 Words   |  7 Pagesdistribute meals with toys, and create a sense of happiness, but what truly goes on behind the scenes of this magical industry? In Eric Schlosser’s Fast Food Nation and Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, the authors use similar rhetorical strategies to reveal the motives and unconventional practices of the food industry. Schlosser conveys his purpose through the utilization of pathos, ethos, anecdotes and imagery as compared to Sinclair who uses historical references and figurative language as well as imageryRead More Slaughterhouses and the packing companies Essay2794 Words   |  12 Pagesentirely by chance I stumbled on another discovery--what they were doing to the meat-supply of the civilized world. In other words, I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident hit it in the stomach† (Bloom). With the publication of a single book, Upton Sinclair found himself as a worldwide phenomenon overnight. He received worldwide response to his novel and invitations to lectures all over the world including one to the White House by President Roosevelt. In late 1904, the editor of the Appeal toRead MoreThe Jungle : Social Criticism And Realism1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe Jungle, due to its strong social criticism and realism in portr ayal of social issues evident in the given period of time, put Sinclair at the center of radical social movement that was held by its members to resist the acceleration of total capitalism in early 20th century in America, the period that was identified as the â€Å"Progressive Era.† The main purpose of those movements was aimed at bringing the awareness of public through literature about the dominance of political elites who gained aRead MoreThe American Dream In The Jungle By Upton Sinclairs The Jungle756 Words   |  4 Pageshard work and determination. This popular idea is what made America so appealing to foreigners, and immigrants alike. Which is why so many immigrants moved to America; to achieve their version of the â€Å"American Dream†. However, from reading, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, this was not the case. Many immigrants that moved to America wishing to fulfill the â€Å"American Dream† of happiness and prosperity in the early 1900s, came to the realization that the â€Å"American Dream† was indeed nothing more than an ideaRead MoreThe Illusions Of American Dream1448 Words   |  6 Pagesraces or countries) join the community, and give them equal rights to these â€Å"outsiders† to what they think fit. Human will naturally tend to protect their own circles and remain vigilance to the outside world, thus, it is not an easy thing to do. The Jungle described the tragic experience of the Jurgis family who are immigrants from Lithuania. In order to make a living in America, the Jurgis and his fiancà ©e, Ona, moved to America and came to Chicago to find a job. However, what they are facing is theRead MoreEssay Upton Sinclairs The Jungle as Socialist Propaganda3114 Words   |  13 Pages The Jungle as Socialist Propaganda nbsp; In the world of economic competition that we live in today, many thrive and many are left to dig through trashcans. It has been a constant struggle throughout the modern history of society. One widely prescribed example of this struggle is Upton Sinclairs groundbreaking novel, The Jungle. The Jungle takes the reader along on a journey with a group of recent Lithuanian immigrants to America. As well as a physical journey, this is a journey into

Organizational Culture, According To Cristian-Liviu, V.

Organizational culture, according to Cristian-Liviu, V. (2013) can be defined as a system of shared values, representing the company’s most important elements, and beliefs, representing the way in which thing are done inside the company, that shape the employees, the organizational structure and control systems, in order to produce commonly accepted behavioural norms. Moreover, the way in which people behave is influenced by the ideologies, symbols and core values shared throughout the company. There are different ways by which organization reveal their culture to other some use symbols, some use tag lines and them some use stories. All these ways what an organization believes in and about it values. IBM Values: †¢ Dedication to every†¦show more content†¦Listening to the inspiring stories and IBM’s way of life encouraged me and motivated me to embrace values and follow the same. While knowing history and contribution developed sense of proud in me about the organization I am associated with and further stimulated to live an as example of its values and maintain the same performance and image. Innovation is in IBM’s DNA, bringing new approaches to customers, the company and the world at large. Behind each innovation are the people who conceive of it and work the long hours to see it become reality. The hero/heroines of such stories, the real life heroes who have shown exemplary contribution towards values and innovation are celebrated. Their posters are visible all around the office premises narrating their story. They are involved in motivational sessions too to help employees overcome challenge and follow the same footsteps. Meeting people who are your colleagues, leaders or subordinates and have contributed towards the image, develops the sense of healthy competition and to follow the example in me. Living values is a ritual in IBM. Having fun daily, believing in each other, supporting others, contributing to society and individual’s success is a daily part of life here. It’s a part of their value â€Å"Trust and personal responsibilities†. Statements mentioned below are every day’s highlight in IBM. †¢ Our internal energy conservation projects

William Stafford “Traveling Through the Dark” Robert...

Ismael Gonzalez Professor Edwards February 24, 2013 William Stafford â€Å"Traveling Through the Dark† amp; Robert Frost â€Å"The Road Not Taken† In Robert Frost â€Å"The Road Not Taken† we can see how many different aspects of life decision making comes in the form of symbolisms. â€Å"Two roads diverge in a yellow wood. And sorry I couldn’t not travel both† This showing use how unwilling the character is of not making a right decision, this is centered on how life can come with certain choices one must make but is very unclear on how to. People always want to have everything at once but it is to show that it is impossible to have it all at the same time. The contrast completely with William Stafford â€Å"Traveling Through the Dark† where even if a†¦show more content†¦In life people often unexpectedly face crisis which puts to test our moral sensitivity. An analysis of the poems plot the poem opens with the speaker finding a dead deer on the side of the road. Instead of swerving and avoiding the deer the speaker pulls over to move the deer off the side of the road. The speaker discovering of a dead deer is not given as a traumatic or yet an unknown experience. - it is usually best to roll them into the canyon. The narrator sees this as a normal everyday occurrence and not something that could disturb him or anyone else for that matter, this is not seen unusual but there are sometimes moments in the middle of the ordinary which exceed the ordinary and bring us to a place we would never have thought we would be in. Not everyone has the moral capability of stopping to think of the consequences but this is one of the main points or facts of the poem. â€Å"Beside the mountain road I hesitated,† what has stopped him in his intended path? We know that he is stopped by the life inside that run over deer of an unborn baby deer. This series of events are what shows how the author indents the importance of moral values and how life can take an unexpected road. As given in the literary work or â€Å"Traveling through the Dark† as the light on the other side of the tunnel may be dark but it does not mean that one should not take the easy path of just driving away without looking at the consequences that life canShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages250 Examples of Employee Involvement Programs 251 †¢ Linking Employee Involvement Programs and Motivation Theories 252 Using Rewards to Motivate Employees 252 What to Pay: Establishing a Pay Structure 252 †¢ How to Pay: Rewarding Individual Employees Through Variable-Pay Programs 253 †¢ Flexible xii CONTENTS Benefits: Developing a Benefits Package 257 †¢ Intrinsic Rewards: Employee Recognition Programs 259 Summary and Implications for Managers 261 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s

Communism Essay Example For Students

Communism Essay Communism spread dramatically during the Cold War. Russia successfully introduced communism to many smaller, unstable countries. Cuba joined forces with Russia in the effort to advance communism around the world. Technology also advanced at breakneck speeds. The US and Russia raced to claim the title First Country to Enter Space. Russia won that race on April 12, 1961 when Yuri Gagarin entered space and orbited Earth. The US now needed a goal that would better the Russian success, and President Kennedy provided one the first man on the moon!Kennedys goal of space exploration included landing a man on the moon and safely returning him to Earth. He hoped that achieving this goal would bring the US out of the status hole it was in. The US sent the first American, Alan Shepard, into space on May 5, 1961. Even though this event took place less than a month after the first Russian manned space flight, Kennedy was concerned that the US was still behind in the technology race. He quickly proposed the construction of lunar spacecrafts and satellites for world weather and communications. Establishing these technological goals quickened the pace of space technology research.Kennedys decision to accelerate the space program was not based solely on Russias head start in space. On April 17, 1961, a US sponsored attack on Cuba and Fidel Castro by a group of exiles failed miserably. The CIA had trained over 1,400 Cuban exiles for the amphibious assault on Cuba to oust Castro. The following attempt by the US government to conceal its involvement also proved unsuccessful. The diplomatic embarrassment motivated Kennedy to orchestrate a feat great enough to restore the US reputation. The Russian head start in space had left the US months behind in research and training. This was another apparent reason why Kennedy felt the US needed a spectacular space event. If Russias space technology appeared more advanced than that of the US, the American people might think that the Russians could also possess superior military and/or nuclear technology. Although Kennedy and most other Americans did not fully know what the Russians had up their sleeve, they were determined to do something about it! As a direct result of President Kennedys ambitious leadership, the US prevailed and landed the first man on the moon on July 20, 1969. The successes of US space technology likely opened the door to todays incredible advances in information technology.

Shakespeares Othello Iago, Master of Cruelty in Essay Example For Students

Shakespeares Othello Iago, Master of Cruelty in Essay Othello Othello essaysIago, Master of Cruelty in Othello Iago stands supreme among Shakespeares evil characters because of his intense and subtle cruelty, perfectly combined with his exceptional powers of will and intellect. As a result of this, his motivations are unclear; however the innocent, loyal, and honest character Iago portrays to the others, does not reflect his true character. He is the ultimate puppet master. Every action is preplanned and manipulated for his audience to perceive him as this trustworthy decent man. Iago possesses such intelligence and acting ability that he forces others to act on and believe what he tells them. The other characters see him as what he wants them to see, and not for what he really is. The three main emotional weapons Iago uses to destroy everyone are reputation, desire and jealousy. A good reputation is the most important virtue to the characters of this play. Their good name is what keeps them in high standing in society. What family one comes from and how one uses that status permeates every facet of life. Iago uses this as a weakness. He does everything in his power to destroy the reputation of others by creating illusions and lies and sharing them with those whom would listen. Iago was so trusted by all, that people would continuously look to him for advise and he would use these opportunities to manipulate their opinions and thoughts towards others. The importance of reputation and its usefulness is shown when Iago says, Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, is the immediate jewel of their souls.(Othello. Act III. iii. 182-183.) One way Iago uses others importance of reputation to destroy them is in the case of Cassio. Early on in the story, Othello, who is a Moorish general in the Venetian army has an opening for a second in command. Although Iago wants this position desperately, Cassio is chosen. When the opportunity arises for Iago to avenge this, he does. Iago convinces Cassio , known as a responsible, loyal and trustworthy man to abandon his night watch and go out drinking. He eventually gets into a fight with another lieutenant and is discovered by Othello. When asked to explain the situation, Iago lies and tells Othello that Cassio behaves like this all of the time. Using jealousy as a weapon is what prompts Iago to plot the ultimate downfall of the characters in Othello and especially Othello himself. Othello does not appear to be jealous early in the play, but due to Iagos skillful and manipulative lies, Othello is confronted with emotions he does not know how to handle. Iago recanted false stories, which affected all of the characters, and the reader is never quite sure of his true motivations. Was it his own jealousy andlove for Desdemona, was it revenge against Othello and Cassio for losing out in getting the army position, or was it just being evil for its own sake? The affair begins with Othello and Desdemona who are madly in love with each other. There is also a romance between Bianca and Cassio. Iago begins the chaos by creating rumors of an affair between Cassio and Desdemona who are merely good friends. Roderigo, a Venetian gentleman and acquaintance of Iago, is also in love with Desdemona . His jealousy of the love that Desdemona and Othello share leads him to help Iago to spread the rumors that ultimately destroy them all. Iago fools everyone in the play into believing that he is honest. No one suspects him of treachery, until the final act when Roderigo realizes how badly he has been tricked. .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b , .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b .postImageUrl , .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b , .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b:hover , .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b:visited , .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b:active { border:0!important; } .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b:active , .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc1494fdda0e12d3a98b5be88acff091b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homelessness Essay They make everyone think that Othello is a barbarian by going to see Barbantio, a Venetian senator and Desdemonas father, in the middle of the night. They tell him to beware of Othello and to keep him away from his daughter. Sir, youre robbed. For shame, put on your gown! Your heart is burst. You have lost half your soul. Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe.(Othello. Act I. i. 94-98.) Iago turns Othello against Cassio and Desdemona yet covers it up by saying, O, beware, my lord, of jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on.(Othello. Act III. iii. 195-196.) Othellos jealousy literally drives him mad and anger and hate replace his wisdom and judgement. The power of these destructive emotions leads to Desdemonas death and Othellos suicide The desires that kept them in love were the same emotions that destroyed them all. The lust for others lovers and the greed for others possessions and power allowed Iago to convince his listeners of what they should be seeing that they seemed to be so oblivious to. Desdemona and Cassio are the only two true innocents of the story, in that neither was disloyal to their partners, or to anyone else. The inability to judge true from false is a human dilemma that we have all faced. In Othellos case, this problem was fatal. Iago, the ultimate Puppet Master has truly manipulated the outcome of tragedy for his own selfish reasons. The play shows that the consequences of trusting someone who hides behind a mask of honesty can destroy ones soul, ones spirit, and even ones life.