Social Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social Capital - Essay recitationnt methodologies that can be used to measure it, identify cordial concepts that can be addressed by social peachy and lastly explain how social capital can solve problems in a specific organisation. The organisation chosen for analysis is the Environmental Protection Agency Queensland. This will be the focal point in the last portion of the essay as I work in this organisation.many groups and individuals have attempted to define social capital. However, some of the statements passed of as definitions be in fact depictions of social capital and not the actual thing. Social capital may be defined as the loose and instantiated norm that acts as a means for promoting cooperation between individuals. Norms in this case may refer to the cases of interchange between two people or they may refer to complex doctrines from major religions such as Christianity. The most important aspect here is that these norms have to be engrained into a real human relati onship. (Stayner, 1997 p7)The complete of reciprocation is something that potentially exists among all people and is usually evident when dealing with friends. In another(prenominal) words, other aspects such as civil society, trust and networks are only products of social capital but do not form part of the actual definition. It should be noted here that institutional norms do not just apply to any kind of norms. The norms under consideration in social capital are those ones that can cause an actual increase in the level of cooperation between certain groups.These norms mustiness be linked to certain values that include honesty, reciprocity, performance of duties among others. This also means that other norms applicable in specific scenarios may not qualify as suitable ones in social capital. For instance, in some parts of Italy, there is great cohesion between members of the family but outside the family unit individuals are allowed to take advantage of one another. Those norm s are not acceptable in the definition of social

Ecology of Public Administration, Bureaucracy, and the understanding Essay

ecology of humankind Administration, Bureaucracy, and the understanding of the relationship between democracy and publi court - Essay ExampleThis is because an administrator is attached to a set of systematic rules that must be look outed while politician is entitled to popular rule. The public also plays a significant role in the deportment of arrangement but not in politics. Richard Stillman also believes that the Constitution was primarily created for the people court, foreign affairs, defense, bills and trade relations (Stillman, 2009). This implies that a Constitution shares some fundamental principles with Public Administration because they all follow systematic rules. Therefore, it is difficult to incorporate popular rule, democracy, into the constitution just like Wilson suggested. Therefore, Administration should particularly emphasis on teaching people the kind of a government system or rule they pack or desire, and how to achieve it.John Gaus had perceived a brig ht light in applied affectionate science. Through an ecological measure to Public Administration, Gaus believed that new or renewed patterns, in the public administration or institutions, could be achieved from individual people living in the dynamic times (Stillman, 2009). ecology, in Public Administration, is a significant tool for directing, comprehending and modulating shocks of change, in the current dynamic world. Ecology, in actual sense, means an discipline or environment of numerous organisms that co-exist in a noble point of natural equilibrium (Stillman, 2009). Ecology is a broad idea in the sense that it deals with the large existence of interrelations of all the living organisms with their environment. Ecology entails balance and existence of nature in a vicious circle that one thing results into some other and creates a point of balance. These ecological elements include climate, soil, people, plants and many other things in the ecosystem. Therefore, according to G aus, ecology is a vital complex analogy that explains the complex Public Administration system (Stillman, 2009).Gaus explains that a

How Pizza Hut uses social media Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Research Paper

How Pizza Hut uses loving media Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and You underpass - Research Paper ExampleThis is important for the company cordial media consort because they are able to take aim customers. According to Schweidel & Moe (398), many online customers often look for information about products they want through active friendly media platforms and would shy from following dormant company accounts.The company has also maintained high degree of amour of their customers through posting of photos and tweets and responding to their customers tweets as well. This is of importance for this company because they are able to involve the people. As Ryan and Calvin (168) states, what individuals deal by or talk about with the users of the media is important. Content is important since it enables marketers to engage in conversation with customers thus creating social media promotional content that is resourceful, sharable and impacts positively in creating an effective relationsh ip in the long run. blush though the company promotes a variety of products on their twitter handle, they do not promote future products or upcoming events which are very important for their nature of business. This is critical because through promotions prospective and existing customers get excited about the new products and events thus create interest and increase demand.Pizza Hut began its campaign through the most popular social media you tube in February 24, the year 2006. The companys you tube channel also consists of 9, 769, 274 views with 13580 subscribers currently. Through the companys you tube platform, their customers are capable of seeing their videos from facebook, TV commercials and behind the scenes footage as well as other fun contents. You tube page also provides a link to the company website which is very important for customers who want to find more about the company and their products. Even though Pizza Hut uploads many videos to you tube, they dont respond to their customers views concerning the

How to build a deck Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

How to build a underprice - Assignment slipBuilding a deck is one of the best improvements you fanny make for your kinsfolk. Depending on the material you use, a deck can be an inviting warm place to host parties, outdoor cooking, watch your kids as they recreate or just a good resting place for your pets. Many real estate agents get out articulate you that clients value houses that have got well placed decks. Having a deck does not require high engineering or expertise. Many people atomic number 18 able to do this by following simple instructions. You can actu all toldy design, plan and do the masonry and carpentry and see your house turn into something new. Having a good deck actually raises the value of your house. Before doing any modification to your house, it is usually safer to check with the local expression inspectors to induce out if you need a building permit for this. Doing this will save you embarrassment and money if you have to demolish the deck just because you did not adhere to the rules of your area. It is advisable to visit their offices to get details of what is expect and if there are any inspections that will be done by the officials. Since this deck will be a fixed structure that will hold human life, the government has a right to go out that it is rightly done and that is why the building inspectors are there. The inspectors may have specified rules in term of size, design, materials and even how deep you can dig the foundation. It is therefore important to get these permits and the inspectors to approve your intended construction. The inspectors will probably ask you for a deck plan, so you need to be ready for this. There are places where permits are not really required. If you do not need the permit, then do not go looking for one. However, you will need to be aware of the building codes in your area to ensure you are adhering to them. This manual discusses decks and incorporates images and illustrations for easier under standing. The procedures will be discussed as follows Deck Plan Deck layout Selecting materials- what materials are available and how to make the best Fittings and Fasteners Construction- laying and deck-step by step procedure Railing and finishing Common problems in building decks The Deck Plan A deck plan consists of the design of the deck with scale drawings of the size of it. live on out by determining where you want the deck to be. Take the measurements of the area putting into consideration permanent structures or plants that cannot be removed. For example, if you have a big palm tree diagram in front of your house that you do not want to remove, you will be forced to adjust your measurements and design to accommodate the tree and at the same time ensure safety. Have a sketch of the design you want. Also, have abundant space to accommodate that design. Now, when you have the space and the design, it is time to put the design on paper. Using your sketch, do the ground measur ements. At this point, just record them as you measure. You will determine the scale once all the measurements have been done. When you have all the sections measured, work out a scale. An example is

People and organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

People and make-ups - Essay ExampleThey were based on Taylors scientific direction processes which emphasised close supervision. However, more advanced studies such as the Hawthorne studies found out that specialisation created boredom, misfortunate productivity and high turnover. Furthermore, modern organisations operate in a global competitive climate which consumes them to be flexible enough to adapt quickly to changes. As such, modern organisations now rely on incident factors to structure organisations and team earn to motivate put to workers. The organisation culture also plays an important role in defining how employees project their work and how organisations argon operated. The paper will discuss how two organisations differ in the way they are operated and how people experience work. This will be achieved by looking at their approaches to teamwork and teamworking, approaches to organisation structure and design, and the organisation cultures. Biogenia plc is a world- leading business dealing with crop-protection products (herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides) with 15000 employees in over 80 countries and has manufacturing facilities in 10 countries. Its activities are separate into four functional areas scarce employees also work in cross-functional teams. The company is driven by insertion and employs highly qualified employees from diverse backgrounds. It also offers room for development through training courses and sponsoring education. It is also enmeshed in community activities by offering sponsorship. Sleepeasy Hotels on the other hand, is a mid-market hotel chain offering service to traveller and city-break tourists. Each hotel is headed by a coach-and-four who is responsible to the head office and manages day-to-day activities of the hotel. all in all the hotels perform similar functions such as reception, bar tending, room-cleaning, and cooking according to standard procedures and routines. Each manager recruits employees with assistance of central Human Resource function some room-cleaners are permanent bit others work part-time. The chain has a culture of performance management and review and disciplinary procedures. Approaches to Teamwork and Teamworking According to Forsyth (2009 p. 351), teams are groups but not all groups are teams. Some organisations work as a group to accomplish organisational goals while others form teams for specific purposes which are aimed at accomplishing the organisational goals. He points out the difference between groups and teams in that, teams require more collaboration and coordination in addition to having multiple particles, interdependence and sharing of collective goals (p. 352). Each member is also assumed to possess unique knowledge, skills and abilities that he/she contributes to the effectiveness of the team. Classical organisations stressed individual work hence complex division of labour and specialisation but contemporary organisations have realised the t ake to utilize teamwork to achieve goals as well as transmission of skills and knowledge between individuals hence organisational instruction and increased motivation. Sleepeasy is an example of a classical organisation as each employee is responsible for his/her work which is monitored well by a supervisor. The room-cleaning employees are supposed to attend 4 rooms in an hour disappointment to which disciplinary action is taken. For Biogenia, even though workers blend in to a functional area they also belong to a cross-functional team. As observed by Forsyth (2009) teams come in different forms and perform different functions depending on organisational needs. Cross-functional or project teams comprise of members from different functional areas or departments, have different backgrounds and areas of expertise. These teams may

Stress among college freshmen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Stress among college freshmen - analyse ExampleThe results of this study indicate that kind media is proving effective at reaching a myriad of customers throughout the United Kingdom in ways that traditional forms of advertising simply no longer gouge accomplish. Social media allows the small dividing line owner to effectively target a specific demographic assemblage very much and with consistency, and with a minimum of expense. At the same time, social media also enables prospective customers to virtually move with small business owners to gain answers to their questions before visiting a shop, thereby increasing the likelihood that they leave alone not only become a customer, but a loyal one at that. This qualitative and exploratory study has been conducted to discuss the changing behaviours of the UK consumer and to have a conversation related to the efficacy of social media marketing for small businesses moving forward.The global marketplace today is increasingly competit ive and fierce. Businesses are no longer competing with one another in a specific geographic locale, but they are literally up against shops of a similar orientation nations away. The small business is particularly impacted because of the difficulty they often experience in attracting and maintaining customer loyalty. Customer behaviour is such today that individuals desire a business that caters to their specific needs and meets them where they are. As a result, the reality of the situation today is that small businesses are literally in a fight for their lives that only the fittest will survive. The problem is compounded in saturated areas, such as in the United Kingdom, where it is often difficult to get a marketing message perceive over the myriad of voices competing for a limited number of customers (Damoiseau, Black, & Raggio, 2013). While it is true that there are many possible solutions to this dilemma,

Bulding a Second Runway at Gatwick Airport Assignment

Bulding a min Runway at Gatwick drome - Assignment ExampleConsidering an increase in average aircraft size, the transportport instruction predicts that approximately 40million passengers will be handled by the year 2015 86% of whom would start or end their journeys at Gatwick. Such an action will be associated with a number of benefits and costs. The benefits include creation of jobs. consort to the Gatwick Airport Management, workers at the airport will benefit from an extra income of 7million a week. In addition, it is anticipated that 27,300 jobs will be created at Gatwick in 2015. The noise from Aircrafts as well as the emission of Nitrogen oxide is a nominate for concern. In addition, the operation of the airport itself has a range of environmental impacts over and above those of the aircraft that use it. A second runway at Gatwick is therefore characterised by a number of costs and benefits.According to Friends of the nation (2003) governments intention to build more air ports, terminals and runways, is likely to have a disastrous effect on the worlds climate. virtuoso of the main causes of climate change is Carbon dioxide pollution and aviation is one of the fastest reverseing sources. (Friends of the footing, 2003). ... 1.1.2 Objectives and supposition of Work Considering that a second runway has both opportunities and threats and well as costs and benefits, the objectives and hypothesis of this composition are defined within the following.The main objective of this reputation will be to evaluate and analysed the problems cosmos faced by the Gatwick Airport by operating on a single runway.In addition, the reputation will analyse and find out whether a second runway at Gatwick is worth the trouble. The paper finally looks into the consequences should the government fails to construct a second runway2.0 Summary of LiteratureAccording to Friends of the Earth (2003) governments intention to build more airports, terminals and runways, is likely t o have a disastrous effect on the worlds climate. one and only(a) of the main causes of climate change is Carbon dioxide pollution and aviation is one of the fastest growing sources. (Friends of the Earth, 2003). According to another report by Friends of the Earth titled Aviation and Global Climate Change, Air travel emissions are already responsible for 3.5 per cent of man-made climate change and if the industry continues to grow at its current rate it will go up to 15 per cent by 2050. (http//www.foe.co.uk/ imagery/reports/aviation_climate_change.pdf). In June 2003 the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (RCEP) wrote to the Government and noted that even with the more or less conservative figures for growth in air travel, by 2020 aviation will be contributing 10 per cent of the UKs carbon dioxide emissions. (Friends of the Earth, 2003). In another research conducted by Friends of the Earth (FOE), it was postulated that, research, based on the Governments testify data, s hows how the present

Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Story - Essay ExampleWhen Myoba pr overb his mother, she told him to be on time for his training, your sire will be waiting. But first, go and gather coconuts for the morning breakfast you are not queen regnant yet, you are still my son. And take Suhuma with you to help. He promised to get ready right away, and start looking through and through the forest Myoba went verboten to do what was asked of him and in like mannerk Suhuma with him. As they walk through the forest, they gathereed a few coconuts here and there, drinkable from as many as they collected them. Myobas favorite taste was that of coconut, and its hard to refuse how delicious it tastes when fresh. After a while they split up to try to get the job make faster. Myoba says, you go this way and Ill go that way. Myoba points in iodine direction and tells Suhuma to go that way, then wanders absent in the opposite direction. Suhuma, obediently heads off in the direction pointed to him. He wanders a little boost loo king for fresh coconuts when suddenly his hind legs get caught in something. Immediately something sharped pricked in his neck and he fell unconscious. Meanwhile, Myoba is still looking for the coconuts that he was to get for breakfast. And he thought that he has been gone for too long. He also released that he had not heard Suhuma for a long time, so he called come out of the closet Suhuma, Suhuma Where are you? Have you found Coconuts?. But there was no answer. Myoba, dashed in the direction Suhuma had headed and to his abomination he found steel chains and wooden traps. He also saw tracks of wheels and he taciturnly followed them He walked for about 2 miles when he heard voices. It was a foreign language Suhuma peered through the leaves and saw his worst nightmare coming true.He had come to the poachers camp. Now, Africa is well known for its beautiful animals and these poachers were frequently targeting the poor jungle beasts.At once Myoba knew that these were the bad men tha t his father had warned him about. King Bomani had often told myoba to stay away from these men from over the sea who used deadly weapons like guns. However this had never impressed Myoba who had never seen guns up close.But as his eyes searched for his friend, he saw pale men with weapons. This must be the guns that my father told me about He thought. Myoba saw animals in cages. But, he knew it would not be easy to rescue his friend and the other animals alone. He had no time, so Myoba rushed back to his village as fast as his legs could take him. sustain at the village, his father reasoned with Myoba saying that the men were too dangerous and would have to chalk out a plan before doing anything. Myoba was too desperate and there was only one person who would recognize and help him, Thembah. Myoba explains everything that he saw and intended to do to Thembah. They decided to take a chance and look for help from King Oozba, Tembahs father and ruler of Maganti. But here too Myoba was disappointed. No one wanted to confront the poachers Valuable time was running out and Myoba feared that the poachers would take of Suhuma and the other animals across the sea So, he and Thembah decided to take matter into their own hands. The two rushed over to the camp and though of a plan. Now, Thembah was an incredible imitator. She could imitate animal calls and bird calls. She made a roaring sound hoping the poachers would

Symbolism in Mr Rochesters Descriptions of Jane Eyre Essay

Symbolism in Mr Rochesters Descriptions of Jane Eyre - Essay ExampleAt their startle meeting (in Chapter 12 of the novel), Mr Rochester and his horse vex taken a fall, and Jane Eyre is the sole(prenominal) human being at hand to offer help. When he comes to know that she stays at Thornfield, he is puzzled because he can non even out her out. He can see that she is not a mere servant when she tells him that she is the governess, he expresses amazement at having forgotten that possibility. However, it is only when they conterminous meet that she learns that he is the master of the house. At this time, in Chapter 13, he reveals what he image of his first meeting with her. . . you have rather the look of another world. I marvelled where you had got that sort of face. When you came on me in Hay Lane last night, I thought unaccountably of fairy tales, and had half a thought to demand whether you had bewitched my horse I am not sure yet.In the course of the intercourse he admits tha t he would not have managed to guess her age, for herfeatures and countenance argon so much at variance. He demands to see her schoolgirl drawings and judges that they have been born of elvish thoughts.. . . In the next chapter, at his next meeting with her, Mr Rochester reiterates that there is something singular about Miss Eyre . . . you have the air of a little nonnette quaint, quiet, grave, and simple, as you sit with your hands before you, and your eyes generally bent on the carpet (except, by-the-bye, when they are enjoin piercingly to my face as just now, for instance) and when one asks you a question, or makes a remark to which you are obliged to reply, you rap out a round rejoinder, which, if not blunt, is at least brusque.This seems to be the only description of Jane by Mr Rochester that accords with the one that occurs at the end of Chapter 26. It appears to imply that he sees her grave and pure simplicity, and that the elfin and fairy imagery he scatters so readily in his descriptions of her reflect his own thoughts and fears rather than his macrocosm of her true nature.In Chapter 15, Jane, perhaps somewhat roughly, saves her sleeping master from a fire. The words that he thence addresses to her are, to put it mildly, unusual In the name of all the elves in Christendom, is that Jane Eyre he demanded. What have you done with me, witch, sorceress Who is in the room besides you Have you plotted to drown meIt is, surely, only Mr Rochesters conception of Christendom that can accommodate elves, witches and sorcery. Anyway, Jane is not in the least put out by this response and answers her master in Heavens name without annexe to any such profane or pagan imagery as used by her master. Mr Rochester, in Chapter 19, disguises himself as a gipsy woman who had come to tell the fortunes of the single women of quality then expose at Thornhill. The other ladies are either amused or disappointed with what they hear, but the fortuneteller seems to have come es pecially to read Janes fortune. When face to face with Jane the woman sheds her gipsy tongue and declaims in high poetical languageThe flame flickers in the eye the eye shines like dew it looks soft and full of feeling it smiles at my jargon it is susceptible impression follows impression through its clear sphere where it ceases to

Why is breaking into work categories stereotyped by gender so Essay

Why is breaking into work categories stereotyped by gender so difficult - Essay ExampleBill Gates or Jack Welch comes immediately to mind. But why simulatet people think of wo manpower leaders, such as Meg Whitman or Katherine Graham, who are on the same list of top influential and prominent business leaders? Some experts say it is because stereotypes find out men as a much more natural fit for high ranking lead coifs than women.Gender stereotyping pollutes the piece of work. It portrays women as lacking the very qualities that people commonly associate with effective leadership. As a result, they often create false perceptions that women leaders just dont measure up to men in important ways. Though there are other stereotypes which are present in the workplace where women begin to break into the top ranks or executive positions, but the breaking is slow. No champion knows barely the main reasons for womens struggle. Some experts say Its a result of the common excuses for not t rust women in the highest leadership situations. Theyre not strong enough. Theyre too conciliatory too emotional. They dont know how to play the game. Although these reasons seem to be childish, there is an old-fashioned perception of womens inabilities that is retentive in almost every workplace.Men consider women to be less skilled at problem-solving, one of the qualities most associated wit effective leadership. Because of this stereotyping, people lose faith in womens problem-solving competence that is why they may be reluctant to follow the directions of women leaders. With their problem-solving skills undermined, women lose interpersonal power. This means that instead of using their credibleness or expertise to influence followers, women may have to rely on their status or position to influence others.Being exposed to women leaders doesnt necessarily lessen stereotyping often, it reinforces stereotyping, creating even more ingrained perceptions of differences between

Electric and Magnetic Fields Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Electric and Magnetic Fields - Assignment ExampleThe constitution tells that the force of magnetism acts in a region around a moving electric belt or a magnet this region is defined as a magnetized playing field. It is shown in Fig. 1. The magnetised field can be conceptualized in hurt of charismatic field lines. The density of field lines determines the field strength, Magnetic flux is defined as the total number of lines of the magnetic field that pass through and through an area. Magnetic flux is measured in terms of Tesla quantify squared (T m2) another name for which is weber (Wb). A magnetic fields intensity can be expressed in terms of the magnetic field strength. A distinction can be technically made between magnetic flux density B and magnetic field strength H. Magnetic flux density is besides called teslas (T) and is measured in Newton-meters per ampere (Nm/A) whereas magnetic field strength is measured in terms of amperes per meter (A/m). The density of magnetic flux reduces as the distance is increased from a straight line that connects magnetic poles pair around which there is a stable magnetic field. There is direct proportionality between the magnetic flux density and the current in amperes at a stead in a current carrying wires vicinity. A piece of iron or some other ferromagnetic object when brought inside a magnetic field experiences a force known as the magnetic force which is directly proportional to the magnetic field strengths gradient with respect to the location of the object. In telecommunications, a measuring device known as field strength meter is utilise to measure the electric field that a transmitter causes. Magnetometers are the devices used to measure the strength of a magnetic field. Some important magnetometers classes comprise use of a rotating coil, NMR magnetometers, fluxgate magnetometers, SQUID magnetometers, and Hall return magnetometers.

What is Liberal Democracy Historical view of the Liberal Democracy Research Paper

What is Liberal Democracy historic view of the Liberal Democracy Theory - Research Paper Example1Liberal commonwealth is distinguished by fair competitive voting among diverse governmental groups, a power partition in contrasting administration structures and fair ruling in an open civilization as well as kind right wings safety in a situate. The constitution in a well-favored democratic state demands get even rights, guarantee the freedom of speech, religion, equality before the bylaw, due process and other constitutional rights. In almost cases, lax democracy focuses on the Americas political philosophy. It seeks to modify the political, social and economic aspects in order to promote development as well as advance the welfare of citizens in the self-sufficing state. Although, a country with patient of democracy can effectively achieve economic development, democratic government activity always achieves democracy at associated costs. Historical view of the Liberal Democ racy Theory The basis of liberal democracy dates back to the Enlightenment era during the earlier 18th century. The facade of equality that contributed to the rise of liberal democratic theory was a result of the capitalism ideologies. This theory was developed in Europe when many another(prenominal) of the European states were under monarchies with political authority being held in the hands of aristocracies. The theory was a rudimentary device for political equality that maintained economic foundation of a capitalist society and carry for transition in the political, social and economic process. The classical theorists from the western region have always considered the political theory of liberalism and believed that democracy would be intrinsically unsteady. This is because of the changing whims and different perception from citizens, and they further thought that democracy was divergent to the human nature. This is because the viewed human being as people with violent, evil t hus they needed plastered leaders who could restrain their destructive whims. Additionally, many of the Europeans who held powers believed that God is the one who ordained such powers thus, the question of the right to rule was comparable to profanity. However, it was until when the Enlightenment intellectuals who believed that human nature could be guided by a case and compulsory principles to guide them. During this period, several issues a go up in the leadership hegemony thus, the French and American revolutions gave birth to the liberalism ideologies. They also required the government to adopt the doctrines of the Enlightenment thinkers and apply them in the daily practice. It was then when one of the Germany philosophers, Adolf Hitler who was the leaders of national socialist Party, often quoted in the tyranny of the majority rose into power and many things changed.2 Therefore, the liberal democracy rose due to democracy waves, which was a result of wars, revolutions, relig ious issues, great depression that led to economic downslope and decolonization. All these aspects made many liberals fight for liberal democratic powers. Advantages for a Country with a elective Government A country with democratic government is subjected to varied economic, social and political benefits. First, a state with democratic organisation can effectively achieve economic development because of good governance. This is because democratic governance is good for economic development since it enables different countries to participate in trading activities and attracts investors to invest within the country. The liberal democratic states have good form of governance whereby individuals have equal rights to exercise their freedom in all aspects such as speech, religion and other concerning areas. Therefore, they can interact freely with others in cost of economic and social

Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operation Management - Essay Example55% were at ease and 10% were dissatisfied. Operations management of the hotel should focus on improving the quality of service so that the equalizer of dissatisfied customers is reduced. The objective of operations management is to create 99.99996% customer satisfaction. This objective is not being before long achieved by the operations management. If service quality is improved, then it will increase the room occupancy (currently at 75%) and profitability further. Table of contents 1. Introduction..3 2. Research Methodology.4 3. Brief rendering of the precise features of the hotel which had a bearing on my analysis and were not include in the explanation provided4 4. ecumenical Analysis of the hotel..5 4.1 Design5 4.2 Planning in operations management of the hotel6 4.3 Supply orbit management..6 4.4 Shop-floor control.6 4.5 Environmental best practices in the hotel.7 4.6 Technological issues in operations management8 4.7 Quality manageme nt as part of operations management.8 4.8 Benchmarking..9 4.9 The use of the philosophy of lean.9 4.10 business line process Re-engineering in the operations management.11 5. Analysis of one area of special focus.13 6. ... This is followed by qualitative and quantitative analysis. There is a general analysis of the operations management of the hotel. This is followed by the analysis of the quality of service of the hotel. The aim of this study is to understand in-depth the operations management of the five star hotel and to forge appropriate recommendations. 2. Research Methodology The query methodology includes both primary and secondary research. The primary research was conducted by visiting the premises of the hotel and directly observing the operations management at the hotel. It as well as included a survey of about 20 guests of the hotel. The secondary research was done by delving into books, academic sources and separate reports concerning the hospitality sector and op erations management. The data and information collected were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. 3. Brief description of specific features of the hotel which have a bearing on my analysis and were not included in the description given The areas of service quality, costs and room occupancy were not mentioned in the description provided. There was also no mention of the supplies used by the hotel. These areas have a special bearing on my analysis. A customer survey was also undertaken. The recommendations are based on this survey. 4. General Analysis of the hotel 4.1 Design ( harvest-festival and facility) carrefour design is one of the critical issues of operations management. It is product design that determines the characteristics and features of a product and how well the product functions (Dyson, Robert G, 2000). Facility design determines the capacity, location and layout of the production or service facility (Krajewski, L.J., and L.P. Ritzman, 1993). The five star hotel is set(p) in

Introduction to operations and supply chain management Case Study

Introduction to operations and supply chain management - Case Study founts by having electronics products that would otherwise pose health risks in landfills, being taken back to the mill to leave the lands free for other economic activities (Partridge, 2010).Thirdly, the specific consumers usually benefit from better, more functional electronic products by replacing their outdated versions with new ones. Finally, by absorbing the waste plastics and circuit boards of dysfunctional products, Samsung is technically saving the relevant governments of resources which would otherwise be used to maintain an eco-friendly environment (Partridge, 2010). This implies the electronics manufacturer has technically eliminated the enquire for governments in charge of its markets to create awareness on the need for environmental conservation and or to ensnare up waste recycling plants such as plastic incinerators.According to Partridge (2010), building sustainable supply chains differs from good business practices because the former is more comprehensive. Sustainable supply chains involves incorporating ecologically and financially worthwhile practices in the core of supply chain processes, from R&D stages, to raw fabric selection, to production, packaging, haulage, storage, delivery, consumption and disposal. In contrast, good business practices are rather secondary to the production and supply of products.Samsung would motionlessness have implemented the Take Back and Recycling programs in markets where there are limited regulations, as a way of capping costs of production and keeping in pace with rapidly evolving technologies in the electronics industry. As Partridge (2010) noted, technology and electronic products are normally affected the most by rapid study of more sophisticated gadgetry. Constant evolution of technologies would have pushed Samsung into adopting Take Back and Recycling program on the basis of keeping the cost of production and distribution conside ring that procuring new supplies is usually costlier. The same case applies to

Executive Summary - Research and Evaluation Essay

Executive Summary - Research and rating - Essay ExampleThe use of e-tickets also eliminates the need to have airport counter staff and space. These faeces be replaced by self-servicing kiosks. The customers do not have to face the risk of losing the ticket and hence is positive to them as well (Williams, 2007). The use of e-tickets empower centralized staff by providing them with relevant data and instruction as and when required.However the technique creates problems for passengers when they have to switch planes between airlines or the flight is delayed or flowerpotcelled (Malaval and Benaroya, 2002). Along with these issues, the concept has also brought issues regarding information security and privacy (Nemati, 2006). Moreover, the concept gouget be used for infants. Apart from it, the cost of moving from a paper-based ticketing system to e-ticket requires a global stalemate and synchronized system between all the airlines of the world. This system is costly and very comple x to implement (Perreaux, 2006).p-value is the hazard that is in agreement with the alternate hypothesis. It is the smallest level of significance level for which the null hypothesis Ho can be rejected (Mendenhall et al., 2009)The t-test as well as the p-value confirms that the null hypothesis can not be rejected. This implies that the mean routine of complaints received per month is less than or equal to 15. Hence the proposition that the number of complaints per month made by passengers has increased as a result of use of e-ticketing stands false. At the homogeneous time, e-ticketing leads to a reduction in the cost of operations of airlines. It also reduces the cost of passengers by eliminating the middlemen travel agency. Moreover, airlines can highlight it as an initiative to save paper and environment. Hence, the use and promotion of e-tickets is strongly recommended to be through by airlines.Williams, L. (2007, September 27). From online to onboard. Online. Computing p.25 . Available at

Aircraft Crash Survival Analysis and Design Essay Example for Free

Aircraft Crash Survival Analysis and Design Essay1. nonice the effect plowing can have on crash forces when the impact surface is soft soil. human race gouging and scooping of soil occur when the grammatical construction makes initial contact with the ground which minimize the acceleration and force levels to which the social organization is subjected. Soft soil can visualiseing plowing and rapid deceleration if there is a handsome horizontal velocity component. A high-speed longitudinal impact into water can also cause high loads from water plowing as water enters through lower nose transp arencies. decrease the earth scooping effects encountered in longitudinal impacts should include a large, relatively flat surface thereby increasing the aircrafts tendency to slide over the impact terrain and by minimizing inward buckling of the fuselage nose or engine nacelle to maintain skid surface integrity.2. Explain the term submarining in respect to the use of lap brawl symm etricalnessraints. What human injuries may result?This is where the lap belt rides over the pelvic brim and compresses the soft tissues of the venter resulting in serious abdominal and spinal injuries. Submarining occurs collectable to the pelvis rotating under the lap belt, usually due to inappropriate location of the lap belt anchors or due to poor determination of the seat backside or a combination of both. Lap belt only restraints so commonly inflicted serious injuries on users in automobile crashes that the medical community coined a new term, the seat belt syndrome, to describethe conformation of injuries caused by submarining under the lap belt. ftp//ftp.rta.nato.int/pubfulltext/RTO/EN/RTO-EN-HFM-113/EN-HFM-113-06.pdf3. Discuss forward and rearward facing passenger seats and explain which you feel may be an advantage in crash survivability.The rearward-facing seat is optimal for providing maximum support and contact area in longitudinal impacts. The only critical impac t term for the rearward-facing seat is one that involves a severe lateral component that allows sideward movement of the occupant former to application of the longitudinal or vertical Pulse. However, lateral torso movement can be lessen by use of a torso restraint system of much lighter weight than that take for other seat orientations. The rearward-facing cabin seat is preferred.4. Explain the concept and intention of Delethalization of Cockpit and Cabin Interiors.The delethalization of cockpit and cabin privilegeds is the design and set up of aircraft cockpits and cabins to prevent combat deformity on impact. This is done by ensuring the occupants immediate environment be designed so that when the body farewells do flail and contact rigid or semi-rigid structures, injury effectiveness is minimized. This can be done in different manners. First is to relocate the hazardous structure or object out of the occupants reach or the hazard might be reduced by mounting the offendin g structure on breakable or energy-absorbing supports and applying a padding real(a) to distribute the contact force over a larger area on the body member.The aircraft internal has occupant strike envelopes, meat that there are hazards that are more conducive to occupant injury than others. Overall the intent is to protect the head and torso first to prevent debilitating injuries or finale and then protecting the lower body parts to ensure the area hazards are clear of lite hazards or anything that could prevent rapid escape. Typical contact hazards in the cockpit area include window and admittance frames, consoles, controls and control columns, seat backs,electrical junction boxes, glare shields, and instrument panels. Contact hazards commonly found in aircraft cabin areas include window and door frames, seats, and fuselage structure. Use of suitable energy absorbing padding materials, frangible breakaway panels, smooth contoured surfaces, or ductile materials in the typical hazard areas mentioned is recommended to reduce the injury potential of occupied areas. The use of protective helmets is also recommended in certain types of aircraft.5. Explain the expected advantage frangible furnish system attachments can provide as an aircraft post-crash survival technique.Frangible Attachment- An attachment possessing a part that is designed to fail at a predetermined location and/or load.Frangible structures or frangible bolts should be used at all attachment points between fuel tanks and aircraft structure to prevent fuel tank components from macrocosm torn out of the tank wall during impact. Frangible attachments should be used at other points in the combustible peregrine systems where aircraft structural deformation could lead to flammable melted leakage. This increases the survivability by containing any remaining fuel to the tank its encapsulated within and reducing the chance of a fire being spread throughout a crash site or into the cabin.6. What are some of the key concerns when selecting aircraft internal materials form a crash survivability perspective?All aircraft interior materials such as seat fabrics and cushions, interior wall insulations, and nonmetallic structural components must be flame resistant and produce the least summate of smoke and toxic gases possible.7. Describe some of the key points of post-crash design criteria associated with oil and hydraulic systems.Oil and hydraulic limpids are easily ignited and can serve as ready ignition sources for fuel meaning fluid spillage should be prevented. Oil tanks andhydraulic reservoirs should not be located where spilled or sprayed fluid can readily be ingested into the engine or ignited by the engine exhaust. Oil tanks and hydraulic reservoirs should not be located near the underside of the fuselage, in or above engine compartments, in electrical compartments, in occupiable areas under, in front of, or at the side of heavy masses, such as engines and transmissi ons, nor above landing gears Oil and hydraulic lines should consist of flexible hoses with steel-braided outer sheaths and for high-temperature coiled metal tube should be used. Lines should not be routed, near the bottom of the fuselage, over landing gears, under, in front of, or at the sides of heavy masses, such as engines and transmissions, in the leading edges of wings, in areas of anticipated rotor mark impact, in any area where flammable fluids could be spilled or sprayed onto hot surfaces or ingested into the engine or above electrical wiring8. Considering aircraft electrical system post-crash survivability design, what are the guidelines concerning routing electrical wires in the vicinity of flammable fluid lines?Wiring is a prime ignition source for leaking oil, fuel or hydraulic fluid leaks or vapors. To aid in crash survivability wires should be routed above or away from flammable fluid lines and they should never be closely spaced between outer skin and fuel lines. Wi res must not be routed near flammable fluid tanks unless the wires are shrouded to prevent arcing. Wires should not be routed near the bottom of the fuselage, over landing gears or in the leading edges of wings.9. What G forces are becomed if an aircraft impacts the ground at a speed of 120 MPH and skids along the ground 50 feet before coming to rest?9.8 Gs. 1202/50 = 14400/50=288288x.034=9.7910. Explain why you believe passenger airlines do not have to utilize passenger shoulder harnesses as a crash survival precaution.The passenger shoulder harness is not used for crash survival because *The cost of the harnesses for one would be capacious to retrofit all the airliners in the fleet today and that cost would be put onto the customer. * The need for dissimilar sizes very small through very large would result in further cost. * Comfort, if people are not comfortable then they will not have a good flying experience while others may have a fear or feeling that they are trapped. * Th e ability to understand how to use the shoulder harness. Most cannot figure out how to wear the harness which would delay taxiing and flight times. The postulate ability to quickly restrap in bad weather or to unstrap in an egress perspective could be deadly. * Americans dont like to be told what they have to do.they are the paying customer.

Learning Disabilities Essay Example for Free

training Disabilities EssayPuzzling is the stipulation teachers enforce to describe scholars with teaching disabilities. They itemise us that these students look entirely normal, seem intelligent, carry on intelligent conversations that they dont place to whatever different than some otherwise students. Yet these students receive got worry doing certain tasks non any- in school. several(prenominal) defecate hassle edition others perform mischievously in spell out still others charter patronise mistakes in math. Teachers in many schools tell us that these students argon very hard to teach that they b atomic phone number 18ly do non learn in the same ways or as easily as others their age. They tell us that these students befuddle circumscribed deprivations and atomic number 18 non easy to teach in large classes in which about other students perform reasonably well. They tell us that modifying instruction so that these students can profit from teac hing is an intricate bear on.Because of the heterogeneous nature of this congregation of children, the concept of specific k straightawayledge disabilities has been hard to de book or describe in few sentence or by a numerical score such as an IQ or by a decibel loss. Further lots, because the ambit has been of enliven to educators, psychologists, psychiatrists, neurophysiologists, pediatricians, ophthalmologists, optometrists, wrangle pathologists, and others, the problem has been aspected in each of those disciplines from different perspectives. Hence on that point is really the invite for several definitions for exercise disabilities and thus we can conclude that its definition is defined in nerve to case basis.Definition of nurture DisabilitiesHistorically, the following terms were used to name children with Learning disabilities perceptually handicapped wittiness injured neurologically impairedThen, there came two broad aspects of concern in defining and or ident ifying those childrenbiological etiology- minimal brain dysfunction, psych unityurological teaching disorders. air developmental disparity in psychological surgeryes, developmental imbalanceThe definition of breeding disabilities in an preparational term has derived its heritage from neurology psychology speech pathology ophthalmology remedial reading Wiederholt (1984) has traced the history of Learning dis competency and has delineated three dimensions of disorders namely(1) disorders of the spoken manner of speaking studied primarily by neurologists andophthalmologists such as Samuel Kirk developed a test, the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, for use in describing language functioning and developing remedial programs.disorders of written language represented mostly by psychologists, speech pathologists, and educators such as Grace Fernald established a clinic at UCLA where she perfected remedial reading and spelling techniques.disorders of perceptual and motor behaviors studied mostly by a number of disciplines such as Goldstein, Werner and Strauss as pioneers of the stadium which disputationed thefollowing behavi verbal characteristics that telld between those with andthose without brain injuries excessive motor activity, hyperactivity, stiffness and consistently poor motor performance, erratic behavior, poororganization, high distractibility and faulty perceptions (like reversals) and Samuel Orton was a neurologist who believed that lose of cerebral dominance was a cause of language disorders. (In normal individual any the left or right side of the brain has dominance in controlling specific functions.) Cruickshank stressed his efforts on the assume of brain-injured children, specifically children with cerebral palsy. Getman, Marianne Frostig, Newell Kephart, and Ray Barsch focused on the correlation of perceptual disorders and developed remedial procedures ranging from optometric heart exercises, tracing and copying patterns, an d differentiating figure from background in a puzzle, to making angels in the snow. Today, there argon unlike provinces in Canada that have established programs for discipline disabilities which was instituted for example by The Ontario Ministry of instruction Saskatchewan Department of gentility Halifax Board of Education and Quebec Ministry of Education just now the most widely used definitions is the one incorporated by theLearning Disabilities Association of Canada or LDAC (2002) which state that, the termLearning Disabilities refer to a number of disorders which whitethorn affect theacquisition, organization, retention, transforming or use of verbal or nonverbal culture. These disorders affect acquisition in individuals who otherwisedemonstrate at least average abilities essential for thinking and/or reasoning. Assuch, encyclopaedism disabilities atomic number 18 distinct from global intellectual deficiency.Learning disabilities result from impairments in one or mu ch processes tie in toperceiving, thinking, remembering or bringing up. These include, but ar non limitedto language processing phonological processing visual spatial processingprocessing speed memory and attention and executive functions (e.g. cookeryand decision-making).Further, LDAC mentioned that schooling disabilities range in severity and may interfere with the acquisition and use of one or much of the followingoral language (e.g. listening, speaking, understanding)reading (e.g. decoding, phonetic knowledge, word recognition, comprehension)written language (e.g. spelling and written expression) andmathematics (e.g. computation, problem solving).Further, the U.S. Department of Education regulation provided states that a student has a specific cultivation disability ifthe student does not achieve at the proper age and ability levels in oneor much(prenominal) of several specific areas when provided with appropriate encyclopedism experiencesthe student has a severe discrepancy between achievement and intellectual ability in one or more of these seven areas (a) oral expression, (b) listening comprehension, (c) written expression, (d) base reading skill, (e) reading comprehension, (f) mathematics calculation, and (g) mathematics reasoning.To summarize, all these definitions of tuition disabilities, it includes the following major conceptsThe individual has a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes. (These processes refer to intrinsic prerequisite abilities, such as memory, auditory perception, visual perception, oral language, and thinking.)The individual has difficulty in erudition, specifically, in speaking, listening, writing,reading (word-recognition skills and comprehension), and mathematics (calculation and reasoning.)The problem is not primarily cod to other causes, such as visual or hearingimpairments motor handicaps mental retardation activated disturbance or economic, environmental, or cultural disadvantage. A severe discrepancy exists between the students apparent potential for learning and his or her low level of achievement. In other talking to, there is conclusion of underachievement. The various definitions of learning disabilities have several elements in commonneurological dysfunctionuneven egression patterndifficulty in academic and learning tasksdiscrepancy between potential and achievement riddance of other causes Identification of Learning DisabilitiesIn identifying individuals with learning disabilities, the following common characteristics must be observe Disorders of attention Hyperactivity, distractibility, poor concentration ability, short attention span Poor motor abilities Poor fine and gross motor coordination, general awkwardness and clumsiness, spatial problems Perceptual and information processing problems clog in discrimination of auditory and visual stimuli, auditory and visual closure, and sequencing Oral language difficulties Problems in listening, speakin g, vocabulary, and linguistic competencies sorrow to develop and mobilize cognitive strategies for learning Lack of organization, active learning set, metacognitive functions Reading difficulties Problems in decoding, basic reading skills, and reading comprehension Written language difficulties Problems in spelling, handwriting, and written composition Mathematics difficulties Difficulty in quantitative thinking, arithmetic, term, space, and calculation facts and Inappropriate affectionate behavior Problems in social skills deficits, emotional problems, and establishing social relationships.There are also other practical compartmentalisation schemes that are useful(1) the academic learning disabilities ( reading, arithmetic, handwriting, spelling, and written expression)(2) the developmental learning disabilities ( attention, memory, perceptual skills,thinking skills, and oral language skills)A somewhat more system of rulesatic way to look at characteristics of students with le arning disabilities is to look at those factors referenced in display devices. The following outline reflects the types of difficulties often observed in learning dis competentd students(1) significantly different school way of life behaviorsdifficulty in beginning or finishing tasksdifficulty in organizinginconsistent in behaviordifficulty in peer relationships(2) significantly below-average performance in auditory comprehension and listeningdifficulty in following filmionsdifficulty in comprehending or following class discussions softness to retain information received aurallydifficulty in understanding or comprehending word meanings(3) significantly below-average performance in spoken languageuse of incomplete sentences or unusual number of grammatical errorsuse of callow or improper vocabulary or very limited vocabularydifficulty in recalling words for use in self-expressiondifficulty relating isolated facts, scattered ideasdifficulty in relating ideas in logical ecological succession(4) significant academic problemsdifficulty in reading fluencydifficulty in associating numbers with symbols foolish ordering of letters in spellingconfusion of manuscript and cursive writingavoidance of readingconfusion of math concepts addition, multiplication(5) orientation difficultiespoor time concept, no grasp of meaning of timedifficulty in navigating around building or school groundspoor understanding of relationships (big, little, far, close, under, on, near)inability to learn boots (north, south, left, right)motor disabilities or significant underdevelopment for agepoor coordinationvery poor balanceawkward, poorly developed manipulative or manual dexteritylack of rhythm in safarisIII. Intervention for Learning Disabilities. This knowledge of the characteristics of learning disenable students is one basis for intervention. Thus, we have seen that children with learning disabilities compose sort of a diverse assemblage. It should be no surprise then to find that the teaching and strategies go upes designed to help those children are also quite a diverse. But it is possible to cluster the various wooes into three broad educational strategiestask training, in which the emphasis is on the sequencing and simplication of the task to be erudite. Ysseldyke and Salvia (1984) have advanced schlep theoretical models namely (a) analyzing the childs abilities and disabilities and (b) analyzing the task and the direct training of the terminal behavior or task.This view is avowed by behavioral analysts who advocate (1) finding out what the child can and cannot do in a particular skill, (2) determining whether or not the child has the behaviors ask to succeed in the task, (3) defining the goals in observable terms, and (4) organizing a systemic remedial program using reinforcement techniques. The apply behavior analysts do not infer processes or abilities that underlie difficulties but rely solely on the childs interactional history and the cu rrent behavior and environmental situation. They feel that their approach, which is task lie and observable, is the most parsimonious approach, and to some it is the simply approach needed.ability or process training, in which the focus is on the remediation and simplification of the task to be learned.Quay (1983) discussed the relative efficacy of ability or process training. He declared that three approaches to remediation have evolved (1) remediating a disability so that learning pull up stakes be facilitated at a later date, (2) training and ability or process for its own sake, and (3) direct training of the task. He concludes that the direct instruction mode (task training) should be tried frontmost and then toss in favor of other methods if direct instruction is not successful.ability or process-task training, in which the rootage two approaches are combined and integrated into one remedial program.Raschke and Young (1986) support this approach. They compared the behav ior compend model with the diagnostic-prescriptive model. They state that neither approach alone has the answer and propose what they call a dialectic-teaching approach into one system. Essentially the model assesses the abilities and disabilities of the children (intraindividual diffences), makes task analyses of the skills to be learned, and prescribes remediation in the functions and skills to be developed. This dialectic system they maintain permits the teacher to assess, program, instruct, and evaluate the childs psycholinguistic characteristics in the same system as his skill competencies and consequential variables.Hence, the task of developing a definition of learning disabilities proved to be a formidable challenge. Indeed, defining this population is considered such an everyplacewhelming task that some have likened learning disabilities to legal expert Potter Stewarts comment on pornography impossible to define, but I know it when I see it.Thus, defining learning disab ilities in a way acceptable to all has continued as a debatable issue since the inception of the field. Although a number of definitions have been generated and used over the years, each has been judged by some to have some shortcomings. There are many types of disabilities, each of which may beg a unique diagnosis and a unique remedial method.POSITION PAPER The definitions of learning disabilities are numerous and so varied that it is difficult to present taxonomy or even a specific list of these different definitions. The definition of learning disabilities is a problem in much of the nations finishedout the world. This problem first came out when some parents in the United States became concerned because their children who were not learning in school were spurned from specific education since they were not mentally retarded, deaf or blind, or otherwise handicapped. Their children were called by various names such as neurologically handicapped, brain-injured, aphasodic, dyslex ic, and perceptually handicapped.In spite of its current widespread use, the term learning disability is vulnerable to misunderstanding and misuse. The condition is difficult to define operationally since the designation learning disability is an umbrella term for a variety of deviations that are not included in traditional categories of portentous children. Also it has been confused with general learning problems that are common to some degree in most children. In addition, it has been misused to include educational retardation, which is found in slow learning children and in children who have not learned because of poor teaching or absence from school. Another vulnerability of the term comes from the difficulty in drawing an explicit line between normal and abnormal. Some allowances must be make for biological and psychological diversity, and considerable variation in abilities is accepted as normal.So, the question now is, If there are objections to the term learning disabilitie s, why use it? Why not use some other term? Well and good, if a better term can be found. Other terms are either too specific or too broad. Dyslexia for example, only refers to severe reading disability and it is not the only learning disability. Brain injury has little or no educational relevance. Perceptual handicaps barricade children with language disorders.Hence, the label learning disability has evolved to encompass the heterogeneous group of children not fitting neatly into the traditional categories of handicapped children. And that, substantial number of children show retardation in learning to talk, do not acquire other communication skill, do not develop normal visual or auditory perception, or great difficulty in learning to read, to spell, to write, or to make arithmetic calculations. Some of them even, are not receptive to language but are not deaf, some are not able to perceive visually but are not blind, and some cannot learn by ordinary of method of instruction but are not mentally retarded. Although such children are from a heterogeneous group and weaken to learn for diverse reasons, they have one thing in common they do not perform as well in school as they could.Discussing the problem and the difficulties of names for these children, Kirk (1963) explained that sometimes classification labels block our thinking. He further stated that it is better to state that a child has not learned to read than to say the child is dyslexic. So he advised that the name should be functional. He suggested further that since the parents were interested in service to their children, it might be preferable to use a term related to teaching or learning and that the term learning disability might be preferable over the currently used terms such as cerebral function and brain injured. The term learning disabilities were agreed by these parents and they consider it more appropriate since it implied teaching and learning and since they were interested primarily in service for their children.So, one of the major problems of definition is that a learning disability is not as translucent or homogenous as blindness or deafness. There are many types of disabilities, each of which may require a unique diagnosis and a remedial method may vary differently from another condition also termed a learning disability. It is no wonder that many students, teachers, and parents have ex black market confused about the term learning disability and the characteristics of children so labeled. This confusion appears to be international and is illustrated by the remarks of a teacher who, in testifying to a government committee studying the subject (Learning Difficulties in Children and Adults, 1986), stated I find myself asking the following questions What does the term learning difficulty mean? Does the term learning difficulty mean the same as learning disability? How about the term dysfunction? What does the term minimal brain dysfunction mean? Do they all m ean the same? Certainly, all these labels are not necessary, or are they? Does labeling a child with learning problems create more problems? It all survives a bit confusingThe terminology changes often, varies from state to state and from country to country.Out of these definitions, came my own definition of learning disability Learning disability describes a result rather than the cause of the learning disability. Therefore, the conditions we call a learning disability is defined in terms of the students difficulties what he can and cannot do in school and focuses primarily on the academic performance. So, one cannot be labeled as learning handicapped if he has not yet started formal schooling as the label learning handicapped indicates that a student is having unusual learning difficulties and involves speculations to possible causes, but it specifically indicates that the primary cause cannot be a condition such as mental retardation, hearing or visual impairment, and so on.Le arning disabilities should be identified in the formal school context. Thus, preschoolers should not be labeled as learning disable as growth rates are so unpredictable at young age, In addition, very young children who appear to have problems may be identified under a noncategorical label, such as developmentally delayed. For many children, learning disabilities first become apparent when they enter school and fail to acquire academic skills. The failure often occurs in reading, but also happens in mathematics, writing, or other school subjects. Among the behaviors frequently seen in the early elementary years are inability to attend and distil poor motor skills, as evidenced in the awkward handling of a pencil and in poor writing and difficulty in learning to read. In the later elementary years, as the political platform becomes more difficult, problems may e intermix in other areas, such as social studies or science. horny problems also become more of an impediment after seve ral years of repeated failure, and students become more conscious of their poor achievement in comparison with that of their peers. For some students, social problems and inability to make and trammel friends increase in importance at this age level.A radical change in schooling occurs at the secondary level, and adolescents find that learning disabilities begin to take a greater toll. The tougher demands of the junior and ranking(prenominal) high school curriculum and teachers, the turmoil of adolescence, and the continued academic failure may combine to enhance the learning disability. Adolescents are also concerned about life after completing school. They may need counseling and guidance for college, career, and vocational decisions. To worsen the situation, a few adolescents find themselves drawn into acts of juvenile delinquency. Because adolescents tend to be overly sensitive, some emotional, social, and self-concept problems often accompany a learning disability at his age . roughly secondary schools now have programs for adolescents with learning disabilities.Many teachers in Canada suggested that we abolish the label learning disability, and merge it with the emotionally disturbed and the educable mentally retarded and only deal with the child from an instructional point of view by defining learning tasks so that they can be taught step by step. I potently opposed with this suggestion. Though maybe it is possible for the child with severe learning disability, but this approach is not sufficient to mild learning disabilities students.This is one of the sterling(prenominal) sources of controversy about the identification issues. The question of how much academic and learning retardation is evidenced before an individual should be identified as learning disabled. Aside from identifying children with learning disability, it is very important to judge the finale of a childs learning disability as either mild or severe. Determining the level of severi ty is helpful in placement and in planning teaching delivery. I strongly suggest that students with mild learning disabilities should be condition different remediation from those of students who have severe learning disabilities.At this point, it is very crucial to differentiate the two cases. Mild learning disabilities describe the problems of many students. Students with mild learning disabilities usually have a disability in just one or two areas of learning, and although they need supportive help and superfluous teaching, they can probably get along at least for part of the day in the fixity classroom. So, within the unshakable classroom, the fixity teachers should often make changes in instruction that will benefit these students.On the other hand, students with sever learning disabilities pose a very different problem and they require quite different educational services. These students are likely to lag significantly in several areas of learning and to have concomitant social, emotional, or behavioral problems. They need the environment of a limited classroom, should contact mainly with one teacher, and should be given supernumerary services for most of the day. Because of the intensity of their problems, the special class should be given fewer students than the perpetual classroom. I suggest the 13 teacher to student ratio is the top hat to maximize and hasten the remediation process. However, students with severe learning disabilities can gradually be mainstreamed for special subjects or activities or placed in the resource room, or even back in the fixing classroom as their progress permits.Because of these definitions teachers, guidance councilors, and other school personnel, play the biggest role in identifying, diagnosing, remediating or treating this kind of disability within the school context. So any teaching/service delivery should exceed meet the requirements needed to serve properly learning disabled students within the continu al classroom. Hence, learning disabled students should be treated or given remediation within the given school context with the greatest help of the regular classroom teacher but the guidance of the learning disabilities specialist. So, it is implied that each school should have a learning disabilities specialist.With this, a change in the administrative arrangements for the placement for instruction of children with learning disabilities is a must. It is important to take note that in the past, the rapid growth of special education was in the direction of removing atypical children from the mainstream of regular classroom and placing them into special education programs. Even the regular education supported this movement which maybe because the responsibility of educating children with a variety of learning problems is transferred to the domain of special education, and that would really lighten the lean load of regular teachers. But that should not be the case and I do not suppor t that movement.The trend should be reversed and all students with learning disabilities should be brought back into the regular classroom with the regular students and in the hands of the regular teacher with the help of the learning disabilities specialist. A number of movements and researches support this claim.The prestigious movement that supports this claim is the REI or the regular education hatchway led by Madeline Will, the director of special education in the U.S. Office of Special Education in 1986. She stated that this initiative is designed to enhance collaborative efforts among regular and special educators and shared responsibility (Will, 1986). In this initiative, regular and special educators were encouraged to jackpot their talents and coordinate their efforts in planning and teaching. I greatly support this initiative as the underlying premiss of this concept is that students learning disabilities can be more successfully taught in the regular education class room than in special education classes or resource room.By promoting the merging of special and regular education, the regular education initiative reflects a major change in the way students with learning disabilities are identified, assessed, and educated. The approach is supported by many special educators (Lloyd, Singh, Repp, 1991 Maheady Algozzine, 1991 Biklen Zollers, 1986 Greer, 1988 Reynolds, Wang Walberg, 1997). A specific example is, more than fifty years ago, Samuel Kirk, in his presidential address to special educators, emphasized that all teachers (regular and special educators) have the responsibility for teaching learning disabled children. Kirk implored that every teacher is a teacher of learning disabled children (Kirk, 1941). He further wrote the followingActually the education of exceptional children is not wholly the responsibility of any one group of teachers .It is hoped that in the future all special class teachers will not only be responsible for the edu cation of children in their classroom, but will take on the added responsibility of alter their knowledge and special skill to the regular classroom teacher who (has0 many learning disabled children in (the) classroom. (Kirk, 1941)In 1968, Lloyd Dunn wrote an influential article about the benefits ofhaving special educators work with regular teachers in serving learning disabledchildren (Dunn, 1968).Another view to change the administrative arrangement in special education is to group children with different disabilities together for instruction. This categorical system in special education historically evolved as the field of special education developed. Each category of disability (such as visual impairment, hearing impairment, mental retardation, orthopedical disabilities, speech disorders, emotional disturbance, and learning disabilities) became established individually over the years when there was sufficient interest in that particular area of exceptionality. This concept e mphasizes the common characteristics among students with disabilities and the common instructional methods for teaching students with various disabilities. In this system, students with learning disabilities, behavior disorders, and mental retardation are often grouped together.Some parents and special educators are concerned that children with learning disabilities might be lost in the shuffle of this kind of placement, if such classes become a dumping ground for students with a variety of unrelated problems. The resulting diversity of learning and behavior problems would resist teachers in helping students with learning disabilities.But this view is also opposed by a number of authors and has even provoked unusual levels of confusion, emotion, and debate within the special education community (Jehkins Pious, 2001). Moreover, other special educators and parents, express concern regarding the regular education initiative movement and caution that more study is needed before making full-scale and far-reaching changes in procedures and policies that will affect the lives of students with learning disabilities (Lloyd et al., 1991 Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1988 Cannon, 1988 Kaufman, Gerber, Semmel, 1998 McKinney Hocutt, 1988, Lerner, 1997).But these opposing views have no substance and should be disregarded altogether. Fuchs Fuchs (2000) have conducted research on the perceptions of and attitudes toward the regular education initiative among both regular and special educators. These studies suggest that neither regular nor special education teachers are dissatisfied with the current special education delivery system. In fact, the teachers favored the resource room model over the consultant model. Many of the teachers saw no progression in the achievement levels for either special or regular education students as a result of the regular education initiative reforms. The success of the initiative depends on the support of regular and special teachers ( Semmel, Abernathy, Butera, Lesar, 1991 Coates, 1989). Moreover, the research prove that merely modify the responsibility from the resource room teacher to the regular or a consultant is not adequate to ensure the success of the reform.Hence, major policy changes in regular education profoundly affect students with learning disabilities. Several recent national study commissions on the poor quality of schools serving the learning disabled students. It is my fear that, most schools pursuit for academic excellence standards will left tooshie students with learning disabilities or they will be the losers. Being unable to meet the educational standards set by the pursuit-of-excellence movement, some students with learning disabilities will be denied a high school diploma and thus be denied the opportunity to complete their schooling. Further, if regular teachers are held accountable for the academic excellence of their students, they will be indisposed(p) to accept the responsibili ty for hard-to-teach students. Some special educators predict that the push for excellence may serve to increase the schism between regular and special education (Pugach Sapon-Shevin, 1997).Hence, it is my challenge to educators and healthcare professionals to undergo another education reform movement where school curriculum requirements for the learning disabled should be added to the current curriculum standards for the regular students. So in this recommendation for curriculum changes, a greater consideration should be given for the learning disabled students. But this should be within the context of the regular education curriculum.This approach is same with the desegregation of regular and special education. Some special educators also are now urging that the integration process should be taken much further that the current special education system should be drastically restructured and that regular and special education should be merged into a single system (Kauffman Tren t, 1991). Such educators hang several reasons for changing the current system. Special education, they maintain, is not effective when it occurs outside of the regular classroom. In addition, the animal(prenominal) separation of students with disabilities is demeaning and degrades instruction. These special educators maintain that integrated special education is more effective than divert programs.So the delivery options for teaching students with learning disabilities should also include regular classes and resource room classes. This approach is concomitant to the observation that successful adults with disabilities have learned to function comfortably in society as it exists an unrestricted environment composed of all people. To promote experiences in the greater society, it must be ensured that, to the extent appropriate, students with disabilities should have experiences in school with regular (or non-special education) students.Since society includes the family, parents to o should not be forgotten as an important element in the entire complex. Parents are a vital component in the students education. These parents of children with learning disabilities need help in accepting their situation. Mental health professionals should help make parents be aware that the problem must be faced both by the child and by other members of the family. In addition to an honest acceptance of the disability, there must be recognition that improvement is often a slow process.So any approach concerning children with learning disability should establish reasoned parental attitudes and ensure parent-teacher cooperation is of course, very necessary. Parent support groups and family counseling are effective in assisting parents understand their children and their problems and in finding ways to help their children within the home. In addition, parent-teacher conference can become a bridge between the home and school and can involve parents in the educational process.Learning disabilities is now at a crossroads, as it seems to have been throughout its thirty-year history. Many innovative ideas are only in their beginning stages and will develop more fully in the years to come.The approach I suggested as discussed in this paper is one of those ideas. It is very important for this approach that more students with learning disabilities are served through regular education. In addition, there should be more collaboration between special and regular educators. A consequence of all of these shifts is that the responsibilities of learning disabilities teachers will change to meet the new demands.ReferencesBush, W., and Giles, M.(1979). Aids to Psycholinguistic Teaching. Columbus, Ohio Charles E. Merrill.Clements, S. (1986). stripped Brain Dysfunction in Children. Public Health serve well Publications. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Washington, D.C.Dunn, L.M. nad smith J.O. (1987). Peabody speech Development Kits. Levels P, I.II.III. Circle P ines, Minn. American Guidance Service.Fernald, G.M. and Keller, H. (1971), The Effect of Kinesthetic Factors in the Development of raillery Recognition in the Case of Non Readers. Journal of Educational Research 4355-357.Getman, G.H. (1985). The Visuo-Motor Complex in the skill of Learning Skills. Learning Disorders, Volume 1. Seattle Special Child PublicationsGellingham,A. and Stillman B. (1986). Remedial Training for Children with Specific Disability in Reading, Spelling, and Penmanship, 5th ed. Cambridge, Mass Educators Publishing Service.Hegge,T., Kirk,S. and Kirk, W.(1986). Remedial Reading Drills. Ann Arbor, Mich. Geroge Wahr.Hirsch,E. (1983). Training of Visualizing Ability by the Kinesthetic mode of Teaching Reading. Unpublished masters thesis. University of Illinois.Karnes,M., Zehrbach, R. and Teska, J. (1984). The Karnes Preschool Program Rational Curricular Offerings and Follow up Data. address on Longitudinal Evaluations of Preschool Programs, vol. 1 95-108.Kirk, S.A . (1963). Behavioral Diagnosis and Remediation of Learning Disabilities. In Proceedings of the throng on Exploration into the Problems of the Perceptually Handicapped Child. Chicago Perceptually Handicapped Children.Kirk, S.A. and Elkins, J. (1985) Characteristics of Children Enrolled in the Child Service Demonstration Centers. Journal of Learning Disabilities 8 630-637.Learning Difficulties in Children and Adults. (1986). Report of the House of Representatives Select charge on Specific Learning Difficulties.Lombardi, T.P., and Lombardi, E.J. (1987). ITPA Clinical Interpretation and Remediation. Seattle Special Child Publication.Minskoff, E.D., Wiseman, and Minskoff J. (1985). The MWM Program for Developing Language Abilities. Ridgefield, N.J. Educational Performance Associates.Orton, S.J. (1978). Specific Reading Disability Strphosymbolia. Journal of the American Medical Association 901095-1099.Spalding, R.B.AND Spalding W.T. (1987). The Writing Road to Reading. Morrow New York .Strauss, A.A. and Lehtinen. (1987). Psychopathology and Education of the Brain- Injured Child, vol. II. New York Grune and Stratton.Weiderholt, J.L (1984).Historical Perspectives on the Education of the Learning Disabled. In L. Mann and D.A. Sabitino, eds. The Third Review of Special Education. Philadelphia JSE Press.

City of God vs. The Protestant Reformations Essay Example for Free

metropolis of deity vs. The Protestant Reformations EssayIntroductionThe belief that idol is present to the world mind and soul, and can be institute is part of the Christian tradition. Many Christian philosophers seem to regard this as the c at a timern altogether of speci fundament solelyy in ally devout persons and of no interest for philosophical purposes. The evidence for it, they think, it too slender to be taken seriously by academic philosophers without particular interest in religion, who tend to regard anything in the reputation of ghostly experience as suspect. So, philosophical backchats about religion are usually concerned with demythologised arguments for and against theism, usually of a technical kind. In this article, I want to discuss the Augustine world with the reformist give as proposed by Martin Luther.One of the with child(p) cornerstones in the explanation of Christian thought, The city of idol is merry to an disposition of modern west ward society and how it came into being. Begun in A.D. 413 by Saint Augustine, the great theologian who was bishop of Hippo, the books sign purpose was to refute the charge that Christianity was to blame for the fall of Rome (which had occurred just three years earlier). Augustines City of paragon, a monumental work of religious lore, philosophy, and history, was written as a kind of literary key for popish culture. After the d proclaimfall of Rome, Augustine wrote this book to portray the corruption of Romans pursuit of sublunary pleasures grasping for praise, open-handed with their bullion honest in the pursuit of riches, they wanted to hoard atmosphere. Augustine contrasts his condemnation of Rome with an exaltation of Christian culture.The glory that Rome failed to attain give only be realized by citizens of the City of God, the Heavenly capital of Israel foreseen in Revelation. On the separate hand Hans J. Hillerbrand in his book The Protestant Reformation says When t he reformers who had rootagely ventured a new rendition of the gospel had passed from the scene, the question which had haunted the Reformation from its very inceptionwhere is truth?was still contest by the proponents of the old and the new faith.But one f human activity was beyond dispute Western Christendom was tragically dumbfound apartdinto no less than five religious incidentions.Though these divisions were the result of intense religious opinion, they could non help barely lessen the intensity of religious belief in europium. The Reformation of the sixteenth century was the last mind in time in the history of Western complaisantization when men were preoccupied with religion, argued it, fought and even died for it. Its consequences are still with us.Argument The ii cities in city of God and the cardinal go forths in LutheranismNo book leave out the Bible itself had a greater influence on the Middle Ages than the City of God. Since medieval Europe has been the c radle of todays Western civilization, this work by consequence is vital for an understanding of our world and how it came into being. St. Augustine is often regarded as the nigh influential Christian thinker after St. capital of Minnesota, and this book highlights upon a vast synthesis of religious and secular knowledge. It began as a reply to the charge that Christian separateworldliness was cau offenseg the decline of the Roman Empire. Augustine produced a wealth of evidence to prove that paganism bore within itself the seeds of its own destruction.Then he proceeded to his larger theme, a cosmic interpretation of history in terms of the struggle between grave and evil the City of God in conflict with the Earthly City or the City of the Devil. This, the first serious attempt at a philosophy of history, was to have incalculable influence in forming the Western mind on the relations of church and state, and on the Christians place in the temporal order. It is more than a question of setting down on paper a series of abstract principles and then applying them in practice. Christianity is more than a moral code, more than a philosophy, more than a system of rites.Although it is sufficient, in the abstract, to divide the Catholic religion into three aspects and call them creed, code and cult, yet in practice, the integral Christian spirit is something far more than all this. It is more than a belief it is a look. That is to say, it is a belief that is lived and experience and expressed in action. The action in which it is expressed, see and lived is called a mystery. This mystery is the sacred drama which keeps perpetually present in history the Sacrifice that was once consummated by Christ on Calvary. In plain wordsif you can accept them as plainChristianity is the life and death and resurrection of Christ going on day after day in the souls of individual men and in the apprehendt of society.It is this Christ-life, this incorporation into the Body of Ch rist, this conjugation with His death and resurrection as a matter of conscious experience, that St. Augustine wrote of in his Confessions. But Augustine non only experienced the reality of Christ living in his own soul. He was just as keenly mindful of the presence and action, the Birth, Sacrifice, Death and Resurrection of the Mystical Christ in the midst of human society. And this experience, this vision, if you would call it that, qualified him to pen a book that was to be, in fact, the autobiography of the Catholic Church. That is what The City of God is. Just as very as the Confessions are the autobiography of St. Augustine, The City of God is the autobiography of the Church written by the most Catholic of her great saints.Evidently, the treatment of the theme is so leisurely and so meandering and so get across that The City of God, more than any other book, requires an introduction. The best(p) we can do here is to offer a few practical suggestions as to how to tackle it.The first of these suggestions is this guiltce, after all, The City of God reflects much of St. Augustines own personality and is colored by it, the reader who has never met Augustine before ought to go first of all to the Confessions. in one case he gets to know the saint, he go out be better able to understand Augustines pile of society. Then, no one who is non a specialist, with a good natesground of history or of theology or of philosophy, ought non to attempt to read the City, for the first time, beginning at page one.The living heart of the City is found in Book Nineteen, and this is the section that will make the most immediate appeal to us today because it is concerned with the theology of peace. However, Book Nineteen cannot be understood all by itself. The best source for solutions to the most pressing problems it will raise is Book Fourteen, where the origin of the two Cities is sketched, in an essay on original sin.On the other hand the protestant reformation d eals with the religious movement which do its appearance in western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an indwelling renewal of the church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs. The causes of the great religious revolt of the sixteenth century moldiness be sought as far back as the fourteenth. The doctrine of the church, it is true, had remained pure saintly lives were yet frequent in all parts of Europe, and the legion(predicate) beneficent medieval institutions of the church continued their course uninterruptedly. Whatever unhappy conditions existed were largely due to civil and profane influences or to the exercise of authority by ecclesiastics in civil spheres they did not obtain bothwhere with equal intensity, nor did they always occur simultaneous in the same country.Ecclesiastical and religious life exhibited in many places vigor and variety works of education and charity abound ed religious art in all its forms had a living force domestic missionaries were many and influential pious and edifying literature was leafy vegetable and appreciated. Gradually, however, and largely owing to the variously hostile spirit of the civil powers, fostered and heightened by several elements of the new order, at that place grew up in many parts of Europe political and social conditions which hampered the assoil bulk reformatory activities of the church, and happy the bold and unscrupulous, who seized a unique opportunity to let loose all the forces of heresy and schism so long held in check by the harmonious action of the ecclesiastical and civil authorities.Luthers theology is his understanding of God that can be summarized as Gottes Gottheit, which means God is God. In the deepest sense, Luther considers that God is above all and in all. God, through his creative power, reveals that he is publish and unalterable. He alone can bring life into existence. He alone su stains life. He alone freely wills. Moreover, what God wills can not be keep or resisted by a mere creature. God is all-powerful and therefore, Gods will is alone immutable. Any person, therefore, that appeals to the emancipation of human will attempts to usurp for themselves an attribute that belongs only to God.The free and immutable will of God is, in Luthers writings, fundamental to a right and proper faith. Without it, God is not God and Scripture would, therefore, have to be annulled. In BOW, Luther constantly emphasizes these two characteristics of the will of God and points out their significance for the Faith. In addition, Luther argues that God has two wills as pertains His nature (1) the revealed will of His word and, (2) the hidden or unfathomed will. These characteristics of Gods will provide the foot for understanding and interpreting Luthers conviction that the human will is enslaved. For Luther, the free will of God is not plain Gods limitless and unobstructed a bility to choose between any set of variables in any set of circumstances.Rather, it is Gods unique ability to transcend all these variables and circumstances to perform, or not perform, any action that He desires. Gods will is not contingent upon the will of any other being. In ceaseless activity, God creates the possibilities. As such, the free will of God is most plainly revealed to humanity through His creative acts. God freely chooses to create our present reality and likewise, He freely sustains this reality. In fact, reality does not exist pretermit by the will of God. To this all-encompassing extent then, Luther asserts that God is all in all. Nothing is that God does not declare to be. And, it is this creative power that manifests Gods license, His free will. In recognizing Luthers pronounced emphasis on Gods sovereignty, Paul Althaus declaresGod is the first or principal cause, all others are only secondary or instrumental causes. They are only the tools which he uses in the service of his own autonomous, free, and exclusive working they are only the masks under which he hides his activity.The second characteristic of Gods will that is crucial to Luthers understanding of the bondage of the human will, is its immutableness. That is, Gods will can not be changed, altered or impeded. The immutability of Gods will is the logical conclusion to the freedom of Gods will. Gods sovereignty and almighty power demands that whatever God wills happens by necessity. Nothing occurs contingently. Gods will does not act independently of reality, as the human will does, but rather, Gods will creates reality. In Luthers theology, the will of God is not contingent and so likewise, the foreknowledge of God is also not contingent. For whatever God wills, he foreknows and so, whatever He foreknows must, by necessity, happen.For if it did not happen, then God would be fallible and His will contingent which Luther declares is not to be found in God It is the immutable wi ll of God, acting freely, that provides the Christian with the assurance of things hoped for (Heb 111), namely that the promises of God will be fulfilled. As Luther suggests, the Christians chief and only comfort in every adversity lies in knowing that God does not lie, but brings all things to pass immutably, and that His will cannot be resisted, altered or impeded. Indeed, for Luther, the conviction that Gods will is free and immutable must be central to the Faith.Yet, Luthers theology presents a problem if God wills everything and everything He wills comes to pass then one must conclude that God wills the salvation of few and the eternal damnation of many (cf. Mt 2214). Luther answered this dilemma by teaching that God has two wills, the revealed and the hidden. As Luther declares in BOW, Gods decree to damn the undeserving . . . who are compelled by natural necessity to sin and perish does indeed seem horrible.Moreover, all rational and philosophical knowledge of God can not av oid the terrible reality of this conclusion, for as Luther concedes, the in justness of God . . . is traduced as such by arguments which no reason or light of nature can resist. Luther understands this horrible decree in light of Gods justice in two ways. For Luther, the answer to these questions is twofold (1) we must plain believe that Gods justice is righteous because in Christ God has proven His love and compassion and, (2) we should not probe into the hidden or inscrutable will of God wherein God operates paradoxically, i.e. righteousness made evident through unrighteousness.Luthers twofold answer to the questions of damnation reveals a high view of Gods sovereignty and majesty. Moreover, the answer is in accordance with Luthers view that Gods will is uniquely free and immutable. The answer also demands that the Christian simply trust in God. The Christian must believe all that is revealed in Scripture, not merely those things that are pleasant to the senses, and as such, we are compelled to accept the fact that God actively chooses to reject certain people.Nevertheless, if God has said in His Word that He is benignant and gracious, and He has revealed himself to be such through His forbearance with the Israelites and the glorious plan of salvation through deliverer Christ, but what right can we judge the manner in which God oversees and sustains the world? For Luther, this is precisely the point at which the Christian must heed the words of God, spoken through the prophet Isaiah For my thoughts are not your thoughts, nor are your ways my ways, says the Lord. For as the heavens are high than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts (Isa 558-9). Luther would likewise appeal to Gods answer to Job in Job 38-41 and the words of Paul in Romans 920 as yet other examples of the futility of comprehending the incomprehensible and inscrutable will of God.Luther, therefore, answers the critics of predetermination and def ends Gods decree to affect unbelief in people by appealing to this inscrutable wisdom and will of God, a will that cannot be understood by any attempt of human reason. Because God is God, He has the right to condemn man for sins that God works in Him.10 And so, it is by faith that the Christian simply trusts that God is righteous, loving and gracious in so working.Luther consoles the Christian by exhorting them to look only to the revealed will of God that promises salvation to all who receive Christ. Thus, He does not will the death of a sinner-that is, in His Word but He wills it by His inscrutable will. At present, however, we must keep in view His Word and leave alone His inscrutable will for it is by His Word, and not by His inscrutable will, that we must be guided.Yet, for Luther, knowing that God does possess a hidden and inscrutable will of God provides priceless insights for the Christian. The inscrutable will of God tempers the revealed will of God. The doctrine of the fr ee, immutable and inscrutable will of God, therefore, contributes three grievous foundations to the Christian Faith (1) God is sovereign, all-powerful and therefore, even evil is under the sway of His goodness and as such, the Christian can be certain that the promises of God will be realized, (2) humanity is not free to earn or demand anything of God and so, Gods gift of salvation can truly be called free and gracious and, (3) the Christian, in response to these truths, is properly humbled and learns, in reverent adoration, to fear God, who acts freely and immutability for His glory.In consequence of his view of Gods will, Luthers view of the human will is necessarily placed in total subjection to the Divine. It is in this respect that Luther stands in contrast to Erasmus. Luthers discussion of this topic is theocentric, beginning with a discussion of God and His attributes whereas Erasmus belies an anthropocentric view, beginning with human experience. For Luther, that Gods will is immutable logically demands that mans will is mutable.For if Gods will is not contingent but immutable and free, no other will can be also be immutable and free otherwise these wills could impede one another and consequently, these wills would no longer be immutable and free but rather, they would be subject to one another. As such, Luther rightly proclaims the inconsistency of the term free will. In Luthers writings, there are three primary considerations to consider in evaluating the characteristics of the human will (1) the human will is mutable, (2) as a consequence of the Fall, the human will is enslaved to sin and, (3) the human will requires the gracility of God, offered through the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ Jesus, to affect any positive change in a persons life.Luthers position on the Divine and human wills was not a small matter to him. In Table-Talk, Luther once stated in regards to his position that I know it to be the truth, though all the world should be again st it yea, the decree of Divine Majesty must stand fast against the gates of hell. The belief that humanity is enslaved to sin and that it is only by sovereign election that God saves a person formed the basis for Luthers conviction of justification by grace through faith.Grace is one the most important principles of biblical interpretation to Luther and no where is divine grace more evident than in the doctrine of election. And, it is this sola gratia principle of Luthers faith that uphold the eternal significance of Christs death and resurrection. It is by his sacrifice, not by our own works, that God graciously extends salvation to the elect. As Luther often remarked, to assert the freedom of the will is to deny the necessity of Christs atoning work.ConclusionAugustine produced a wealth of evidence to prove that paganism bore within itself the seeds of its own destruction. By means of his contrast of the earthly and heavenly citiesthe one pagan, self-centered, and contemptuous o f God and the other devout, God-centered, and in search of graceAugustine explored and interpreted human history in relation to eternity.Saint Augustine examines the failure of Roman religion and the flaws in human civilization, thus creating the first Christian philosophy of history. Against the city, i.e., society, of many gods, there is but one alternate society, this Augustine calls The City of God, adopting the expression found in several of King Davids psalms. Not only is the society of many gods the society of polytheists, it is also the city of pantheists, atheistic materialists and philosophical Cynics. In the case of the Cynics and atheists, these false gods are the myriad gods of self, indeed, at least as many gods (selves) as there are believers in them.Thus there are two cities, two loves, two ways to understand the big questions of existence, two destinations. Says Augustine The one City began with the love of God the other had its beginnings in the love of self. XIV13 . The city of man seeks the praise of men, whereas the height of glory for the other is to hear God in the witness of conscience. The one lifts up its head in its own boasting the other says to God Thou art my glory, thou liftest up my head. (Psalm 3.4) In the city of the world both the rulers themselves and the people they dominate are dominated by the lust for domination whereas in the City of God all citizens serve one another in charity. . .References1. http//www.newadvent.orgThe Catholic encyclopediaThe Journal Of Religion, J. Jeffery Tyler, volume 85, Part 1(2005), pages 317 319Althaus, Paul. The devotion of Martin Luther. Translation of 2nd edition by Robert C. Schultz. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Fortress Press, 1966. Luthers Works, Volume 31 Career of the crusader I. ed. Philip S. Watson. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Fortress Press, 1957.